{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2033138992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/10.2.317","title":"Patenting and Licensing University Inventions: Lessons from the History of the Research Corporation","display_name":"Patenting and Licensing University Inventions: Lessons from the History of the Research Corporation","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2033138992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/10.2.317","mag":"2033138992"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/icc/10.2.317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/10.2.317","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/10.2.317","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145507837","display_name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","issn_l":"0960-6491","issn":["0960-6491","1464-3650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061568492","display_name":"David C. Mowery","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D. C. Mowery","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061568492"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3260,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4299},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.9301,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":134,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98142371,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"317","last_page":"355"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9477999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9477999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13276","display_name":"University-Industry-Government Innovation Models","score":0.017999999225139618,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.01720000058412552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-corporation","display_name":"Research Corporation","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-patenting","display_name":"university patenting","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-technology-licensing","display_name":"university technology licensing","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayh-dole-act","display_name":"Bayh-Dole Act","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-foundations","display_name":"research foundations","score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-technology-transfer","display_name":"history of technology transfer","score":0.460999995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167037","display_name":"Corporation","level":2,"score":0.9482161998748779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780510313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178706","display_name":"Institution","level":2,"score":0.5570432543754578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.4679386019706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4297972023487091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993525830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861141","display_name":"Rand corporation","level":2,"score":0.4255998730659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.3649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.31943708658218384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3111710846424103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.18364664912223816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.16021767258644104}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/icc/10.2.317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/10.2.317","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/10.2.317","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145507837","display_name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","issn_l":"0960-6491","issn":["0960-6491","1464-3650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989311021"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012374773","https://openalex.org/W2740537254","https://openalex.org/W2131160858","https://openalex.org/W1969116946","https://openalex.org/W2071672889","https://openalex.org/W4241520935","https://openalex.org/W2058781281","https://openalex.org/W3159987348","https://openalex.org/W1546795939","https://openalex.org/W2079902198"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"developments":[1],"in":[2,7,12,16,42,78,97,130,144],"the":[3,17,36,43,48,55,72,84,98,102,106,131],"relationships":[4],"between":[5],"R&D":[6],"US":[8,13,118],"industry":[9],"and":[10,22,94],"research":[11],"universities,":[14],"especially":[15],"growth":[18],"of":[19,24,38,45,54,86,101,110,136,157],"university":[20,119],"patenting":[21],"licensing":[23,120],"technologies":[25],"to":[26,152],"private":[27],"firms,":[28],"have":[29],"attracted":[30],"considerable":[31],"attention.":[32],"This":[33],"paper":[34],"discusses":[35],"history":[37,44],"an":[39],"important":[40],"institution":[41],"these":[46,111,137],"relationships,":[47],"Research":[49,56,103],"Corporation.":[50],"The":[51,75],"ultimate":[52],"withdrawal":[53],"Corporation":[57,104],"from":[58],"its":[59],"major":[60],"role":[61],"reflected":[62],"shifting":[63],"federal":[64],"policies":[65],"towards":[66],"philanthropic":[67],"organizations":[68],"as":[69,71,133],"well":[70,91],"Bayh\u2013Dole":[73],"Act.":[74],"evidence":[76],"provided":[77],"this":[79,145],"paper,":[80],"however,":[81],"suggests":[82],"that":[83,125,148],"seeds":[85],"decline":[87],"had":[88],"been":[89],"planted":[90],"before":[92],"1980":[93],"were":[95],"apparent":[96,115],"growing":[99],"deficits":[100],"during":[105],"1970s.":[107],"Since":[108],"some":[109,126],"factors":[112],"are":[113,150],"also":[114],"within":[116],"many":[117],"offices":[121],"it":[122],"is":[123],"likely":[124,151],"\u2018shake\u2010out\u2019":[127],"will":[128],"occur":[129],"future":[132],"a":[134,154],"number":[135],"universities":[138],"reduce":[139],"or":[140],"terminate":[141],"their":[142],"activities":[143],"area.":[146],"Those":[147],"survive":[149],"pursue":[153],"broader":[155],"set":[156],"goals":[158],"than":[159],"royalty":[160],"income":[161],"alone.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}