{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2031817658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523369808714043","title":"\u2018Brutal and degrading\u2019: the medical profession and boxing, 1838\u20131984","display_name":"\u2018Brutal and degrading\u2019: the medical profession and boxing, 1838\u20131984","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2031817658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523369808714043","mag":"2031817658"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09523369808714043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523369808714043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523369808714043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18307414","display_name":"The International Journal of the History of Sport","issn_l":"0952-3367","issn":["0952-3367","1743-9035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of the History of Sport","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108386495","display_name":"Kenneth Sheard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K.G. Sheard","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leicester"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leicester","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108386495"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1422,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9367056,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"74","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13730","display_name":"Martial Arts: Techniques, Psychology, and Education","score":0.6157000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13730","display_name":"Martial Arts: Techniques, Psychology, and Education","score":0.6157000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13296","display_name":"Physical Education and Sports Studies","score":0.2685999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.0272000003606081,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boxing","display_name":"boxing","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-profession","display_name":"medical profession","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physicians","display_name":"physicians","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boxing-injuries","display_name":"boxing injuries","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-boxing","display_name":"boxing history","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-boxing","display_name":"professional boxing","score":0.36500000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992869663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39631","display_name":"Medical profession","level":2,"score":0.7117035388946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38519126176834106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.32865801453590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.24260655045509338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.14162686467170715}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/09523369808714043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523369808714043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523369808714043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18307414","display_name":"The International Journal of the History of Sport","issn_l":"0952-3367","issn":["0952-3367","1743-9035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of the History of Sport","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W638465407","https://openalex.org/W640631146","https://openalex.org/W1488785843","https://openalex.org/W1518258594","https://openalex.org/W1562241008","https://openalex.org/W1582667814","https://openalex.org/W1894924936","https://openalex.org/W1966622877","https://openalex.org/W1968853084","https://openalex.org/W1986712038","https://openalex.org/W2005586345","https://openalex.org/W2007654982","https://openalex.org/W2011367832","https://openalex.org/W2016028423","https://openalex.org/W2023221255","https://openalex.org/W2043492684","https://openalex.org/W2084365159","https://openalex.org/W2296333701","https://openalex.org/W2331810947","https://openalex.org/W2334314708","https://openalex.org/W2738844382","https://openalex.org/W4229974104","https://openalex.org/W4249251657"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005586345","https://openalex.org/W7138985033","https://openalex.org/W2131665038","https://openalex.org/W586719212","https://openalex.org/W2915942419","https://openalex.org/W4213045977","https://openalex.org/W2148392686","https://openalex.org/W2077073755","https://openalex.org/W1976105942","https://openalex.org/W2321590241"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
