{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2031294073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499973","title":"For Better or Forever: Formal versus Informal Enforcement","display_name":"For Better or Forever: Formal versus Informal Enforcement","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2031294073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499973","mag":"2031294073"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/499973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8557221","display_name":"Journal of Labor Economics","issn_l":"0734-306X","issn":["0734-306X","1537-5307"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Labor Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011582680","display_name":"Joel Sobel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4699-9975","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4699-9975"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joel Sobel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,  San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,  San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011582680"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.97,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97022556,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"271","last_page":"297"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10785","display_name":"Economic Theory and Institutions","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-contracts","display_name":"relational contracts","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-enforcement","display_name":"informal enforcement","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partnership-duration","display_name":"partnership duration","score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opportunism","display_name":"opportunism","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cheating-behavior","display_name":"cheating","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilateral-relations","display_name":"bilateral relations","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cooperation","display_name":"cooperation","score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relationship-costs","display_name":"relationship costs","score":0.49399998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778024590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357432","display_name":"Cheating","level":2,"score":0.8555014133453369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71750763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646164","display_name":"General partnership","level":2,"score":0.7959444522857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.7622485160827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22171661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074380","display_name":"Stochastic game","level":2,"score":0.720258891582489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.6955222487449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.6014277935028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5047320127487183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.49122804403305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85510643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5500284","display_name":"Free riding","level":3,"score":0.4202519655227661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.41226091980934143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.41156211495399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.35440123081207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.3511255085468292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.3263477683067322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.15912967920303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.14971613883972168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.1292588710784912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1270243525505066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.12487486004829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10953029990196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.09799212217330933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/499973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8557221","display_name":"Journal of Labor Economics","issn_l":"0734-306X","issn":["0734-306X","1537-5307"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Labor Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.395.175","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.395.175","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://econweb.ucsd.edu/~jsobel/Papers/FBF713.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1607782836","https://openalex.org/W1804939085","https://openalex.org/W1980165907","https://openalex.org/W1994524956","https://openalex.org/W2031857490","https://openalex.org/W2034606455","https://openalex.org/W2035234632","https://openalex.org/W2056700716","https://openalex.org/W2062663664","https://openalex.org/W2066089793","https://openalex.org/W2070415764","https://openalex.org/W2074449447","https://openalex.org/W2074831867","https://openalex.org/W2076524379","https://openalex.org/W2083501909","https://openalex.org/W2084511882","https://openalex.org/W2084897684","https://openalex.org/W2085042242","https://openalex.org/W2117867843","https://openalex.org/W3121432850","https://openalex.org/W3121759882","https://openalex.org/W3121852222","https://openalex.org/W3123011427","https://openalex.org/W3123595993","https://openalex.org/W3124734201","https://openalex.org/W3124948273","https://openalex.org/W3125040717","https://openalex.org/W3158666512","https://openalex.org/W4299846046"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2139194401","https://openalex.org/W105080810","https://openalex.org/W1974235909","https://openalex.org/W2187729746","https://openalex.org/W4410456918","https://openalex.org/W7099910411","https://openalex.org/W2966124055","https://openalex.org/W2092424977","https://openalex.org/W7100685283","https://openalex.org/W4308589274"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,84],"article":[1],"contrasts":[2],"supporting":[3,9],"partnerships":[4,10,92],"through":[5,11],"relational":[6,87],"contracting":[7,88],"and":[8],"formal":[12],"legal":[13,60],"institutions.":[14],"A":[15,59],"large":[16],"population":[17],"of":[18,86],"players":[19],"interact":[20],"in":[21,74],"bilateral":[22],"relationships.":[23,83],"Efficiency":[24],"requires":[25],"cooperation,":[26],"but":[27],"cheating":[28],"yields":[29],"a":[30,36,46,69],"higher":[31],"short\u2010term":[32],"payoff.":[33],"There":[34],"is":[35,78,96],"positive":[37],"probability":[38],"that":[39],"the":[40,56],"maximum":[41],"feasible":[42],"payoff":[43],"available":[44],"to":[45,54,64,80,90],"partnership":[47],"decreases.":[48],"Opportunistic":[49],"behavior":[50],"makes":[51],"it":[52,77],"impossible":[53],"realize":[55],"efficient":[57,65],"outcome.":[58],"system":[61],"can":[62],"lead":[63],"contracting.":[66],"Without":[67],"such":[68],"system,":[70],"productive":[71],"relationships":[72],"arise":[73],"equilibrium":[75],"if":[76],"costly":[79],"initiate":[81],"new":[82],"type":[85],"tends":[89],"make":[91],"last":[93],"longer":[94],"than":[95],"efficient.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}