{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2029469079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621606288554","title":"Item Diffficulty Modeling of Paragraph Comprehension Items","display_name":"Item Diffficulty Modeling of Paragraph Comprehension Items","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2029469079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621606288554","mag":"2029469079"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0146621606288554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621606288554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621606288554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94663699","display_name":"Applied Psychological Measurement","issn_l":"0146-6216","issn":["0146-6216","1552-3497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Psychological Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055107103","display_name":"Joanna S. Gorin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joanna S. Gorin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079584238","display_name":"Susan E. Embretson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3637-5683","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3637-5683"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan E. Embretson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3042,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":91,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94814109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"5","first_page":"394","last_page":"411"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.00559999980032444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paragraph-comprehension","display_name":"paragraph comprehension","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"reading comprehension","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graduate-record-examination","display_name":"Graduate Record Examination","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-comprehension","display_name":"text comprehension","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-processes","display_name":"decision processes","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct-validity","display_name":"construct validity","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/score-interpretation","display_name":"score interpretation","score":0.8880000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777206241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194431","display_name":"Paragraph","level":2,"score":0.7028276920318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.693017840385437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.6303998827934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5724842548370361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19875794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207340","display_name":"Item response theory","level":3,"score":0.5533396005630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5332216024398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5323643684387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5023961067199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.48758500814437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.48494866490364075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47681161761283875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.4212806820869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.31421205401420593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.2933400571346283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.29195261001586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.22611942887306213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.132158100605011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0146621606288554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621606288554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621606288554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94663699","display_name":"Applied Psychological Measurement","issn_l":"0146-6216","issn":["0146-6216","1552-3497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Psychological Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W126111984","https://openalex.org/W155773146","https://openalex.org/W560410292","https://openalex.org/W568024311","https://openalex.org/W1514875575","https://openalex.org/W1560650794","https://openalex.org/W1618888811","https://openalex.org/W1674947250","https://openalex.org/W1967185932","https://openalex.org/W1967390364","https://openalex.org/W1967931779","https://openalex.org/W1968784445","https://openalex.org/W1983578042","https://openalex.org/W1990451873","https://openalex.org/W1990842026","https://openalex.org/W1993225241","https://openalex.org/W1999568655","https://openalex.org/W2019679004","https://openalex.org/W2024710858","https://openalex.org/W2028387588","https://openalex.org/W2028829385","https://openalex.org/W2033703136","https://openalex.org/W2033960343","https://openalex.org/W2039107287","https://openalex.org/W2039286370","https://openalex.org/W2040789319","https://openalex.org/W2046517742","https://openalex.org/W2054071406","https://openalex.org/W2062033523","https://openalex.org/W2069076251","https://openalex.org/W2071076168","https://openalex.org/W2073427231","https://openalex.org/W2084015864","https://openalex.org/W2087152310","https://openalex.org/W2091740616","https://openalex.org/W2091987081","https://openalex.org/W2114160608","https://openalex.org/W2128126480","https://openalex.org/W2134019621","https://openalex.org/W2158997610","https://openalex.org/W2166708896","https://openalex.org/W2291250721","https://openalex.org/W4206205808","https://openalex.org/W4242518039","https://openalex.org/W4244658618","https://openalex.org/W4249963716"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981526559","https://openalex.org/W7110712121","https://openalex.org/W1990842026","https://openalex.org/W7015925343","https://openalex.org/W2990118237","https://openalex.org/W3117905245","https://openalex.org/W4391227797","https://openalex.org/W2104558852","https://openalex.org/W4286697605","https://openalex.org/W1514875575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"assessment":[1],"research":[2],"joining":[3],"cognitive":[4,74,96],"psychology":[5],"and":[6,103,139],"psychometric":[7],"theory":[8],"has":[9],"introduced":[10],"a":[11,38,108],"new":[12],"technology,":[13],"item":[14,18,51,99,115,126,143,155],"generation.":[15],"In":[16],"algorithmic":[17],"generation,":[19],"items":[20,42,93],"are":[21,145],"systematically":[22],"created":[23],"based":[24],"on":[25],"specific":[26],"combinations":[27],"of":[28,57,76,98,111],"features":[29],"that":[30],"underlie":[31],"the":[32,55,87,95,112,129],"processing":[33],"required":[34],"to":[35,47,54,72,82,123],"correctly":[36],"solve":[37],"problem.":[39],"Reading":[40],"comprehension":[41,92,102,153],"have":[43],"been":[44],"more":[45],"difficult":[46],"model":[48,119],"than":[49],"other":[50],"types":[52],"due":[53],"complexities":[56],"quantifying":[58],"text.":[59],"However,":[60],"recent":[61],"developments":[62],"in":[63,114,125],"artificial":[64],"intelligence":[65],"for":[66,86,107,136,142],"text":[67,130],"analysis":[68],"permit":[69],"quantitative":[70],"indices":[71],"represent":[73],"sources":[75],"difficulty.":[77,100],"The":[78,117],"current":[79],"study":[80],"attempts":[81],"identify":[83],"generative":[84],"components":[85],"Graduate":[88],"Record":[89],"Examination":[90],"paragraph":[91],"through":[94],"decomposition":[97],"Text":[101],"decision":[104,118],"processes":[105],"accounted":[106],"significant":[109],"amount":[110],"variance":[113,124],"difficulties.":[116],"variables":[120,132],"contributed":[121],"significantly":[122],"difficulties,":[127],"whereas":[128],"representation":[131],"did":[133],"not.":[134],"Implications":[135],"score":[137],"interpretation":[138],"future":[140],"possibilities":[141],"generation":[144,156],"discussed.":[146],"Index":[147],"terms:":[148],"difficulty":[149],"modeling,":[150],"construct":[151],"validity,":[152],"tests,":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}