{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2029354574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/8.2.161","title":"Constructing Mothers: Scientific Motherhood in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries","display_name":"Constructing Mothers: Scientific Motherhood in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2029354574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/8.2.161","mag":"2029354574","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11639804"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/shm/8.2.161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/8.2.161","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/8.2.161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193276","display_name":"Social History of Medicine","issn_l":"0951-631X","issn":["0951-631X","1477-4666"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social History of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020667416","display_name":"Rima D. Apple","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304256225","display_name":"University of Wisconsin System","ror":"https://ror.org/03ydkyb10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304256225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"RIMA D. APPLE","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Consumer Science, University of Wisconsin/Madison Room 345, 1300 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1575, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Consumer Science, University of Wisconsin/Madison Room 345, 1300 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1575, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304256225","https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020667416"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304256225","https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":{"value":2930,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3864},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.7126,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":193,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99123993,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"161","last_page":"178"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13332","display_name":"Historical Studies on Reproduction, Gender, Health, and Societal Changes","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13332","display_name":"Historical Studies on Reproduction, Gender, Health, and Societal Changes","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-motherhood","display_name":"scientific motherhood","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-health","display_name":"maternal health","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-medical-education","display_name":"women's medical education","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-patient-relationship","display_name":"physician-patient relationship","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motherhood","display_name":"motherhood","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/19th-century","display_name":"19th century","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/20th-century","display_name":"20th century","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicalization-of-childbirth","display_name":"medicalization of childbirth","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-in-medicine","display_name":"gender and medicine","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-responsibilities","display_name":"family responsibilities","score":0.38100001215934753}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.7544440627098083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.45483866333961487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72636640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380274","display_name":"History of medicine","level":2,"score":0.4314936399459839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4260207414627075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.36633533239364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.23309221863746643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.217489093542099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.17122811079025269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74916050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090","display_name":"Classics","level":1,"score":0.11411210894584656}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002654","descriptor_name":"Child Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006266","descriptor_name":"Health Education","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007231","descriptor_name":"Infant, Newborn","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008425","descriptor_name":"Maternal Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009035","descriptor_name":"Mothers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010372","descriptor_name":"Pediatrics","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012586","descriptor_name":"Science","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049672","descriptor_name":"History, 19th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/shm/8.2.161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/8.2.161","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/8.2.161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193276","display_name":"Social History of Medicine","issn_l":"0951-631X","issn":["0951-631X","1477-4666"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social History of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11639804","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11639804","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social history of medicine : the journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine","raw_type":"Historical Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W236706391","https://openalex.org/W1559856583","https://openalex.org/W7027764493","https://openalex.org/W4243294653","https://openalex.org/W1494256683","https://openalex.org/W3130653973","https://openalex.org/W2497397794","https://openalex.org/W2152011301","https://openalex.org/W7033780000","https://openalex.org/W4386926728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scientific":[0],"motherhood":[1,86,122],"is":[2,123],"the":[3,22,35,49,58,81,108,129],"belief":[4],"that":[5,42,76,102,110],"women":[6,25,38,95],"require":[7],"expert":[8],"scientific":[9,85,121],"and":[10,73,87,90,106,134],"medical":[11,116],"advice":[12],"to":[13,28,45,56],"raise":[14],"their":[15,52,61,71],"children":[16],"healthfully.":[17],"As":[18],"it":[19],"developed":[20],"in":[21],"nineteenth":[23],"century,":[24,37],"were":[26,40],"exhorted":[27],"seek":[29],"out":[30],"information":[31],"for":[32,48,70,127],"themselves.":[33],"By":[34],"twentieth":[36],"increasingly":[39],"told":[41],"they":[43,111],"continued":[44],"be":[46],"responsible":[47,69],"well-being":[50],"of":[51,60,75,84,120,132],"families,":[53],"but":[54],"needed":[55],"follow":[57],"directions":[59],"physicians.":[62],"Such":[63],"instruction":[64],"positioned":[65],"mothers":[66,103],"as":[67],"both":[68,104],"families":[72],"incapable":[74],"responsibility.":[77],"This":[78],"essay":[79],"investigates":[80],"shifting":[82],"definition":[83],"various":[88],"educational":[89],"cultural":[91],"forums":[92],"through":[93],"which":[94],"learned":[96],"this":[97],"ideology.":[98],"It":[99],"also":[100],"demonstrates":[101],"accepted":[105],"resisted":[107],"insistence":[109],"depend":[112],"on":[113],"instructions":[114],"from":[115],"practitioners.":[117],"The":[118],"history":[119],"an":[124],"important":[125],"lens":[126],"studying":[128],"complex":[130],"interrelationship":[131],"medicine":[133],"social":[135],"roles.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
