{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2029323301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.1.4.217","title":"PCR, direct sequencing, and the comparative approach.","display_name":"PCR, direct sequencing, and the comparative approach.","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2029323301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.1.4.217","mag":"2029323301","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1477655"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/gr.1.4.217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.1.4.217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.1.4.217","pdf_url":"http://genome.cshlp.org/content/1/4/217.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43092948","display_name":"Genome Research","issn_l":"1088-9051","issn":["1088-9051","1549-5469"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315909","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genome Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"http://genome.cshlp.org/content/1/4/217.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013691786","display_name":"Thomas D. Kocher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7547-0133","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7547-0133"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161057412","display_name":"University of New Hampshire","ror":"https://ror.org/01rmh9n78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"T D Kocher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013691786"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"4","first_page":"217","last_page":"221"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10015","display_name":"Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10015","display_name":"Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11354","display_name":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","score":0.005799999926239252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11970","display_name":"Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pcr","display_name":"PCR","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-sequencing","display_name":"direct sequencing","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-systematics","display_name":"molecular systematics","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-biology","display_name":"comparative biology","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phylogenetic-analysis","display_name":"phylogenetic analysis","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-barcoding","display_name":"DNA barcoding","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomic-identification","display_name":"taxonomic identification","score":0.9559999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.9174543619155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.6000828742980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51679486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380546","display_name":"DNA sequencing","level":3,"score":0.5685744285583496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.5528268814086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5463829040527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195239911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2007033","display_name":"Molecular phylogenetics","level":4,"score":0.49452826380729675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41806617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516404","display_name":"Systematics","level":3,"score":0.47786587476730347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39234202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2904159","display_name":"Comparative biology","level":2,"score":0.4764316976070404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166393388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856529","display_name":"Molecular evolution","level":4,"score":0.43273091316223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.41999801993370056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90132467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184","display_name":"Phylogenetics","level":3,"score":0.31990188360214233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.28801631927490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.17968177795410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.1382819414138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09920227527618408}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002965","descriptor_name":"Classification","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005580","descriptor_name":"Fossils","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005810","descriptor_name":"Multigene Family","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008967","descriptor_name":"Molecular Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010163","descriptor_name":"Paleontology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010802","descriptor_name":"Phylogeny","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013045","descriptor_name":"Species Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016133","descriptor_name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017422","descriptor_name":"Sequence Analysis, DNA","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1101/gr.1.4.217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.1.4.217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.1.4.217","pdf_url":"http://genome.cshlp.org/content/1/4/217.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43092948","display_name":"Genome Research","issn_l":"1088-9051","issn":["1088-9051","1549-5469"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315909","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genome Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1477655","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1477655","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PCR methods and applications","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/gr.1.4.217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.1.4.217","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.1.4.217","pdf_url":"http://genome.cshlp.org/content/1/4/217.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43092948","display_name":"Genome Research","issn_l":"1088-9051","issn":["1088-9051","1549-5469"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315909","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genome Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2029323301.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2029323301.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60654512","https://openalex.org/W1517480469","https://openalex.org/W1604394245","https://openalex.org/W1894138156","https://openalex.org/W1974877624","https://openalex.org/W1985222265","https://openalex.org/W2000015384","https://openalex.org/W2006698454","https://openalex.org/W2013514054","https://openalex.org/W2021438117","https://openalex.org/W2022938584","https://openalex.org/W2028044226","https://openalex.org/W2028623954","https://openalex.org/W2030613748","https://openalex.org/W2032118018","https://openalex.org/W2035797438","https://openalex.org/W2037764264","https://openalex.org/W2042521784","https://openalex.org/W2045168078","https://openalex.org/W2047879960","https://openalex.org/W2052639391","https://openalex.org/W2055305007","https://openalex.org/W2061147475","https://openalex.org/W2063828090","https://openalex.org/W2070592586","https://openalex.org/W2072889251","https://openalex.org/W2073866269","https://openalex.org/W2074621919","https://openalex.org/W2076600640","https://openalex.org/W2077029357","https://openalex.org/W2078253052","https://openalex.org/W2080824017","https://openalex.org/W2091006960","https://openalex.org/W2109870726","https://openalex.org/W2137260316","https://openalex.org/W2141318721","https://openalex.org/W2158345466","https://openalex.org/W2168536110","https://openalex.org/W2278218567","https://openalex.org/W2327152242","https://openalex.org/W2416976738","https://openalex.org/W4237117772","https://openalex.org/W4244299745","https://openalex.org/W4249247360","https://openalex.org/W4388310878"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1048174303","https://openalex.org/W2029135593","https://openalex.org/W2028309288","https://openalex.org/W1921884436","https://openalex.org/W2069010522","https://openalex.org/W4285137592","https://openalex.org/W2402838651","https://openalex.org/W1582476847","https://openalex.org/W50822895","https://openalex.org/W2018636421"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"P":[0],"C":[1],"R":[2],"has":[3,44],"relieved":[4],"much":[5],"of":[6,10,18,33,49,66,69,76,91,104,109,120,148],"the":[7,16,31,47,61,89,102,107,118,146],"experimental":[8],"drudgery":[9],"molecular":[11,34,110,126,143],"biology":[12,127],"and":[13,36,54,58,64,84,142],"dramatically":[14],"improved":[15],"sensitivity":[17],"many":[19],"diagnostic":[20],"procedures.":[21],"These":[22],"practical":[23],"advantages":[24],"are":[25],"having":[26],"a":[27,121,134],"profound":[28],"impact":[29,103],"on":[30,101,106],"fields":[32],"systematics":[35],"comparative":[37,123],"biology.":[38],"The":[39],"reason":[40],"is":[41],"that":[42],"PCR":[43,105],"made":[45],"possible":[46],"analysis":[48],"previously":[50],"intractable":[51],"small,":[52],"old,":[53],"poorly":[55],"preserved":[56],"samples":[57],"greatly":[59],"facilitated":[60],"rapid":[62],"cloning":[63],"sequencing":[65],"large":[67],"numbers":[68],"samples.":[70],"DNA":[71],"sequences":[72],"allow":[73],"finer":[74],"resolution":[75],"phylogenies,":[77],"represent":[78],"stable":[79],"characters":[80],"for":[81,117],"taxonomic":[82],"identification,":[83],"provide":[85],"new":[86],"insight":[87],"into":[88,125],"patterns":[90],"evolutionary":[92,141],"change":[93],"in":[94,128],"genes.":[95],"This":[96],"review":[97],"will":[98,114],"focus":[99],"primarily":[100],"field":[108],"systematics,":[111],"but":[112],"I":[113],"also":[115],"argue":[116],"incorporation":[119],"more":[122],"approach":[124],"general.":[129],"Sequence":[130],"data":[131],"can":[132,138],"be":[133],"common":[135],"currency":[136],"which":[137],"intellectually":[139],"link":[140],"biology,":[144],"to":[145],"advantage":[147],"both":[149],"fields.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}