{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2028623690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(72)90050-5","title":"An empirical test of the man-in-the-middle hypothesis among executives in a hierarchical organization employing a unit-set analysis","display_name":"An empirical test of the man-in-the-middle hypothesis among executives in a hierarchical organization employing a unit-set analysis","publication_year":1972,"publication_date":"1972-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2028623690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(72)90050-5","mag":"2028623690"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0030-5073(72)90050-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(72)90050-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(72)90050-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157779219","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Performance","issn_l":"0030-5073","issn":["0030-5073","1878-2647"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319955","host_organization_name":"Academic Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319955","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Press","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Performance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076151214","display_name":"George Bear Graen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Graen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056397039","display_name":"Fred Dansereau","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fred Dansereau","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073360479","display_name":"Takao Minami","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takao Minami","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0175,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95212576,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"262","last_page":"285"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12751","display_name":"Leadership and Management in Organizations","score":0.5634999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12751","display_name":"Leadership and Management in Organizations","score":0.5634999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10006","display_name":"Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior","score":0.28049999475479126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14031","display_name":"Global and Cross-Cultural Management","score":0.034299999475479126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executive-behavior","display_name":"executive behavior","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leadership-styles","display_name":"leadership styles","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"hierarchy","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dominance","display_name":"dominance","score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consideration","display_name":"consideration","score":0.4959999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.7831814289093018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.711231529712677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.6948531866073608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775945657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381442","display_name":"Structuring","level":2,"score":0.6649286150932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6251301765441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5391092896461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5176361203193665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4620131552219391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.42865610122680664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3638545870780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16175487637519836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1473695933818817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.10507404804229736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08577772974967957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.060105979442596436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0030-5073(72)90050-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(72)90050-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(72)90050-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157779219","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Performance","issn_l":"0030-5073","issn":["0030-5073","1878-2647"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319955","host_organization_name":"Academic Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319955","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Press","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Performance","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518638857","https://openalex.org/W1974717757","https://openalex.org/W1975409770","https://openalex.org/W1996301538","https://openalex.org/W2020371080","https://openalex.org/W2021459318","https://openalex.org/W2064235116","https://openalex.org/W2087339541","https://openalex.org/W2092977207","https://openalex.org/W2137678982","https://openalex.org/W2140256961","https://openalex.org/W2157300266","https://openalex.org/W2329272777","https://openalex.org/W2401615420","https://openalex.org/W3121871227","https://openalex.org/W4239429569","https://openalex.org/W4301006247"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2536251611","https://openalex.org/W2113721732","https://openalex.org/W2321312876","https://openalex.org/W2001326664","https://openalex.org/W2994414006","https://openalex.org/W2522342181","https://openalex.org/W2903418364","https://openalex.org/W2104068013","https://openalex.org/W1975239535","https://openalex.org/W2021362315"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}