{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2028085897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167804266101","title":"Hardiness: An Operationalization of Existential Courage","display_name":"Hardiness: An Operationalization of Existential Courage","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2028085897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167804266101","mag":"2028085897"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0022167804266101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167804266101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167804266101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207414187","display_name":"Journal of Humanistic Psychology","issn_l":"0022-1678","issn":["0022-1678","1552-650X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Humanistic Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112017261","display_name":"Salvatore R. Maddi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salvatore R. Maddi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California\u2014Irvine, Irvine, CA, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California\u2014Irvine, Irvine, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112017261"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4137,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":359,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95021772,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"3","first_page":"279","last_page":"298"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14513","display_name":"Leadership, Courage, and Heroism Studies","score":0.8842999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14513","display_name":"Leadership, Courage, and Heroism Studies","score":0.8842999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11761","display_name":"Resilience and Mental Health","score":0.04569999873638153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12485","display_name":"Optimism, Hope, and Well-being","score":0.019099999219179153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardiness","display_name":"hardiness","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning-in-life","display_name":"meaning in life","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-making","display_name":"decision-making","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontological-anxiety","display_name":"ontological anxiety","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commitment","display_name":"commitment","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"control","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/challenges","display_name":"challenges","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fear-of-uncertainty","display_name":"fear of uncertainty","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coping-with-stress","display_name":"stress coping","score":0.6159999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776911728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208160","display_name":"Courage","level":2,"score":0.9520046710968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127882523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38066","display_name":"Existentialism","level":2,"score":0.87787264585495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.8083362579345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.6581293344497681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.635004997253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781321128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5247072","display_name":"Death anxiety","level":3,"score":0.5720713138580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780390811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1852702","display_name":"Hardiness (plants)","level":3,"score":0.5214111804962158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.48294728994369507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171773132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2519156","display_name":"Alienation","level":2,"score":0.4355742037296295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.40809017419815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.27253270149230957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.19906461238861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10203459858894348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08548247814178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197321923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4886","display_name":"Cultivar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0022167804266101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167804266101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167804266101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207414187","display_name":"Journal of Humanistic Psychology","issn_l":"0022-1678","issn":["0022-1678","1552-650X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Humanistic Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W370265273","https://openalex.org/W563261889","https://openalex.org/W607166288","https://openalex.org/W1520274420","https://openalex.org/W1525241954","https://openalex.org/W1525801838","https://openalex.org/W1534399527","https://openalex.org/W1558311959","https://openalex.org/W1568307452","https://openalex.org/W1597734709","https://openalex.org/W1604120739","https://openalex.org/W1731076327","https://openalex.org/W1976283619","https://openalex.org/W1978027065","https://openalex.org/W1993452492","https://openalex.org/W2004481065","https://openalex.org/W2010035863","https://openalex.org/W2011566795","https://openalex.org/W2018915782","https://openalex.org/W2040037339","https://openalex.org/W2041138794","https://openalex.org/W2050623922","https://openalex.org/W2056335788","https://openalex.org/W2059293276","https://openalex.org/W2060246596","https://openalex.org/W2065681300","https://openalex.org/W2069857018","https://openalex.org/W2072918706","https://openalex.org/W2079576494","https://openalex.org/W2081301448","https://openalex.org/W2082634442","https://openalex.org/W2122241806","https://openalex.org/W2140504512","https://openalex.org/W2214756961","https://openalex.org/W2312905114","https://openalex.org/W2313987504","https://openalex.org/W2333931080","https://openalex.org/W2561082080","https://openalex.org/W2751379301","https://openalex.org/W4235766336","https://openalex.org/W4237847760","https://openalex.org/W4244075895","https://openalex.org/W4300094152"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065213309","https://openalex.org/W2574479231","https://openalex.org/W4388923520","https://openalex.org/W643237695","https://openalex.org/W1907578538","https://openalex.org/W4242517318","https://openalex.org/W4386231915","https://openalex.org/W2283606852","https://openalex.org/W4224436984","https://openalex.org/W4376636575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existential":[0],"psychologists":[1],"emphasize":[2],"the":[3,14,37,68,78,83,90,134],"ongoing":[4],"search":[5],"for":[6,85],"meaning":[7],"in":[8,13,55,115],"life":[9],"that":[10,65],"involves":[11,23],"us":[12],"ubiquitous":[15],"decision-making":[16],"process.":[17],"Regardless":[18],"of":[19,57,89,92,108],"content,":[20],"each":[21],"decision":[22],"choosing":[24,36,133],"a":[25,31],"future,":[26],"unfamiliar":[27],"path,":[28],"or":[29],"repeating":[30],"past,":[32],"familiar":[33],"path.":[34],"Although":[35],"future":[38,69],"is":[39,103],"most":[40],"consistent":[41,131],"with":[42,132],"continuing":[43],"to":[44,66,117,126,143],"elaborate":[45],"life\u2019s":[46],"meaning,":[47],"it":[48],"also":[49],"brings":[50],"ontological":[51],"anxiety,":[52],"as":[53,105],"expressed":[54],"fear":[56],"uncertainty":[58],"and":[59,99,120,125,129,141],"possible":[60],"failure.":[61],"Consequently,":[62],"existentialists":[63],"believe":[64],"choose":[67,77],"regularly":[70],"requires":[71],"courage.":[72,110,146],"Without":[73],"courage,":[74],"one":[75],"may":[76],"past":[79],"regularly,":[80],"which":[81],"stagnates":[82],"quest":[84],"meaning.":[86],"Hardiness,":[87],"comprised":[88],"attitudes":[91],"commitment":[93],"(vs.":[94,97,101],"alienation),":[95],"control":[96],"powerlessness),":[98],"challenge":[100],"security)":[102],"offered":[104],"an":[106],"operationalization":[107],"existential":[109,145],"Hardiness":[111,136],"has":[112],"been":[113],"shown":[114],"research":[116],"enhance":[118],"performance":[119],"health,":[121],"despite":[122],"stressful":[123],"changes,":[124],"increase":[127,144],"perceptions":[128],"actions":[130],"future.":[135],"can":[137],"now":[138],"be":[139],"assessed":[140],"trained":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-10-15T10:00:46.086208","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
