{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2028059271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00201748008601891","title":"Science, reason, knowledge, and wisdom: A critique of Specialism","display_name":"Science, reason, knowledge, and wisdom: A critique of Specialism","publication_year":1980,"publication_date":"1980-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2028059271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00201748008601891","mag":"2028059271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00201748008601891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00201748008601891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00201748008601891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S970508616","display_name":"Inquiry","issn_l":"0020-174X","issn":["0020-174X","1502-3923"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Inquiry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348870/1/1348870_10b%20Science%20Reason%20Knowledge%20and%20Wisdom%20Critique%20of%20Specialism.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028352097","display_name":"Nicholas Maxwell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2575-5990","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2575-5990"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Maxwell","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College, London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028352097"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3818,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90299401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"19","last_page":"81"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14198","display_name":"Philosophical Thought and Analysis","score":0.39329999685287476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14198","display_name":"Philosophical Thought and Analysis","score":0.39329999685287476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.32839998602867126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10297","display_name":"Philosophical Ethics and Theory","score":0.15039999783039093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-specialization","display_name":"professional specialization","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rational-problem-solving","display_name":"rational problem solving","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wisdom","display_name":"wisdom","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge","display_name":"knowledge","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reason","display_name":"reason","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interdisciplinary-research","display_name":"interdisciplinary research","score":0.49399998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.6465179324150085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6230711936950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.5140613317489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.4428310990333557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.35202839970588684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3075677752494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1643546223640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09228435158729553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00201748008601891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00201748008601891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00201748008601891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S970508616","display_name":"Inquiry","issn_l":"0020-174X","issn":["0020-174X","1502-3923"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Inquiry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1348870","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1348870/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348870/1/1348870_10b%20Science%20Reason%20Knowledge%20and%20Wisdom%20Critique%20of%20Specialism.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Inquiry , 23 (1) 19 - 81. (1980)","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/MAXSRK","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/MAXSRK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/MAXSRK","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/MAXSRK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1348870","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1348870/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348870/1/1348870_10b%20Science%20Reason%20Knowledge%20and%20Wisdom%20Critique%20of%20Specialism.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Inquiry , 23 (1) 19 - 81. (1980)","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2028059271.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2028059271.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W203384432","https://openalex.org/W282928166","https://openalex.org/W609086948","https://openalex.org/W1507143020","https://openalex.org/W1548746057","https://openalex.org/W1565693361","https://openalex.org/W1791037351","https://openalex.org/W2024988184","https://openalex.org/W2031159303","https://openalex.org/W2040049077","https://openalex.org/W2066669346","https://openalex.org/W2082560533","https://openalex.org/W2089574367","https://openalex.org/W2122514207","https://openalex.org/W2132782810","https://openalex.org/W2138424504","https://openalex.org/W2153505320","https://openalex.org/W2314632278","https://openalex.org/W2315825109","https://openalex.org/W2330571976","https://openalex.org/W2335289543","https://openalex.org/W2605733548","https://openalex.org/W2735856942","https://openalex.org/W2793286934","https://openalex.org/W4210634849","https://openalex.org/W4230418002","https://openalex.org/W4231992040","https://openalex.org/W4240470267","https://openalex.org/W4240640433","https://openalex.org/W4254415915","https://openalex.org/W4297751427","https://openalex.org/W4299523659","https://openalex.org/W6668768775","https://openalex.org/W7033877725"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6996350447","https://openalex.org/W1492995184","https://openalex.org/W7041073975","https://openalex.org/W2178623992","https://openalex.org/W2159990680","https://openalex.org/W1786573968","https://openalex.org/W2262163279","https://openalex.org/W2069828269","https://openalex.org/W65892338","https://openalex.org/W37591705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"I":[3,122],"argue":[4],"for":[5],"a":[6,73],"kind":[7],"of":[8,20,48,75,98,103,114,119],"intellectual":[9],"inquiry":[10,109],"which":[11,46,121],"has,":[12],"as":[13,38],"its":[14],"basic":[15],"aim,":[16],"to":[17,22,41,96],"help":[18],"all":[19],"us":[21],"resolve":[23],"rationally":[24],"the":[25,117],"most":[26],"important":[27],"problems":[28,35,67,102,113],"that":[29,36,45,90],"we":[30,39],"encounter":[31],"in":[32,50,83],"our":[33,56,99],"lives,":[34],"arise":[37],"seek":[40],"discover":[42],"and":[43,59],"achieve":[44],"is":[47,87,110],"value":[49],"life.":[51],"Rational":[52],"problem\u2010solving":[53,77,93],"involves":[54,65],"articulating":[55],"problems,":[57,71],"proposing":[58],"criticizing":[60],"possible":[61],"solutions.":[62],"It":[63,86],"also":[64],"breaking":[66],"up":[68],"into":[69],"subordinate":[70],"creating":[72],"tradition":[74],"specialized":[76,79,91,107],"\u2010":[78,116],"scientific,":[80],"academic":[81,92,108],"inquiry,":[82],"other":[84],"words.":[85],"vital,":[88],"however,":[89],"be":[94],"subordinated":[95],"discussion":[97],"more":[100],"fundamental":[101],"living.":[104],"At":[105],"present":[106],"dissociated":[111],"from":[112],"living":[115],"sin":[118],"specialism,":[120],"criticize.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-20T09:52:01.089006","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}