{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2028041709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/587435","title":"Mapping the Shores of the Brown Dwarf Desert. I. Upper Scorpius","display_name":"Mapping the Shores of the Brown Dwarf Desert. I. Upper Scorpius","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2028041709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/587435","mag":"2028041709"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/587435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/587435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/587435","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/587435/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/587435/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084755116","display_name":"Adam L. Kraus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9811-568X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9811-568X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam L. Kraus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044187868","display_name":"Michael Ireland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6194-043X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6194-043X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Ireland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125","#N#        Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N#        Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024494164","display_name":"Frantz Martinache","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1180-4138","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1180-4138"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frantz Martinache","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044530291","display_name":"James P. Lloyd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9434-8860","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9434-8860"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James P. Lloyd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9596,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":209,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94864469,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"679","issue":"1","first_page":"762","last_page":"782"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12917","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysical Research","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brown-dwarf-desert","display_name":"brown dwarf desert","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brown-dwarfs","display_name":"brown dwarfs","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-scorpius","display_name":"Upper Scorpius","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ob-associations","display_name":"OB associations","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-companion","display_name":"binary companion","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substellar-companions","display_name":"substellar companions","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stellar-multiplicity","display_name":"stellar multiplicity","score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-stars","display_name":"young stars","score":0.4580000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163531172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101600","display_name":"Brown dwarf","level":3,"score":0.9283398389816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.876496434211731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51244244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634","display_name":"Planet","level":2,"score":0.7448818683624268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.7361320853233337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.6738356351852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196351480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12989628","display_name":"Planetary mass","level":4,"score":0.5670915842056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.549192488193512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163479331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44559","display_name":"Exoplanet","level":3,"score":0.4727281630039215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33773777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2199","display_name":"Dwarf planet","level":3,"score":0.46364226937294006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777106203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111163","display_name":"Low Mass","level":3,"score":0.4347849190235138}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/587435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/587435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/587435","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/587435/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:0801.2387","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/0801.2387","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0801.2387","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:authors.library.caltech.edu:13246","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/13246/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402161","display_name":"CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","host_organization_name":"California Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au:1885/67081","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1885/67081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402539","display_name":"ANU Open Research (Australian National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","host_organization_name":"Australian National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Astrophysical Journal, The","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.0801.2387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0801.2387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0801.2387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/587435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/587435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/587435","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/587435/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5808678265","display_name":"NSF/AFOSR Astronomy: Precision Imaging with Adaptive Optics Non-Redundant Masking Interferometry","funder_award_id":"0506588","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7226913312","display_name":"Precision Adaptive Optics Imaging with Spatially Filtered Aperture Masking Interferometry","funder_award_id":"0705085","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309398","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337643","display_name":"U.S. Naval Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/048s2rn92"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2028041709.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2028041709.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1742822024","https://openalex.org/W1938264898","https://openalex.org/W1965355273","https://openalex.org/W1965765701","https://openalex.org/W1966333385","https://openalex.org/W1968690455","https://openalex.org/W1972744752","https://openalex.org/W1973081717","https://openalex.org/W1977453806","https://openalex.org/W1979032050","https://openalex.org/W1981225670","https://openalex.org/W1985318134","https://openalex.org/W1989781044","https://openalex.org/W1992738297","https://openalex.org/W1995679509","https://openalex.org/W1999851119","https://openalex.org/W2000562328","https://openalex.org/W2002136045","https://openalex.org/W2002965272","https://openalex.org/W2004482886","https://openalex.org/W2006713375","https://openalex.org/W2007014602","https://openalex.org/W2008618730","https://openalex.org/W2012143639","https://openalex.org/W2026795906","https://openalex.org/W2028733858","https://openalex.org/W2032247354","https://openalex.org/W2033238242","https://openalex.org/W2033504756","https://openalex.org/W2034684153","https://openalex.org/W2035546557","https://openalex.org/W2041069457","https://openalex.org/W2043636018","https://openalex.org/W2052459204","https://openalex.org/W2054269321","https://openalex.org/W2060749708","https://openalex.org/W2065811710","https://openalex.org/W2070488683","https://openalex.org/W2070606946","https://openalex.org/W2070974308","https://openalex.org/W2072057250","https://openalex.org/W2073874965","https://openalex.org/W2081358471","https://openalex.org/W2081660715","https://openalex.org/W2082602975","https://openalex.org/W2083456223","https://openalex.org/W2088571259","https://openalex.org/W2097269788","https://openalex.org/W2101871480","https://openalex.org/W2106187907","https://openalex.org/W2115250067","https://openalex.org/W2118781384","https://openalex.org/W2119029888","https://openalex.org/W2126142867","https://openalex.org/W2127597998","https://openalex.org/W2135832793","https://openalex.org/W2137861933","https://openalex.org/W2142220522","https://openalex.org/W2142755350","https://openalex.org/W2146392095","https://openalex.org/W2147016234","https://openalex.org/W2147183229","https://openalex.org/W2147448701","https://openalex.org/W2150653882","https://openalex.org/W2153970052","https://openalex.org/W2159923351","https://openalex.org/W2165084703","https://openalex.org/W2166286110","https://openalex.org/W2167589842","https://openalex.org/W2170330206","https://openalex.org/W3098231028","https://openalex.org/W3100597667","https://openalex.org/W3102318985","https://openalex.org/W3102908822","https://openalex.org/W3102938219","https://openalex.org/W3104020100","https://openalex.org/W3104190350","https://openalex.org/W4231986549"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095141131","https://openalex.org/W3103460057","https://openalex.org/W2009335901","https://openalex.org/W2015058398","https://openalex.org/W1999851119","https://openalex.org/W3093304456","https://openalex.org/W4311544661","https://openalex.org/W7134287924","https://openalex.org/W7096159832","https://openalex.org/W2167589842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,204],"present":[1],"the":[2,17,41,52,110,127,137,144,166,188,191],"results":[3],"of":[4,35,55,76,85,95,136,190,201],"a":[5,62,154,160],"survey":[6,24,66,141],"for":[7,109,126,199],"stellar":[8],"and":[9,129],"substellar":[10],"companions":[11,48,78,99,210,221],"to":[12,30,89,92,121,230],"82":[13],"young":[14],"stars":[15,94,107],"in":[16],"nearby":[18],"OB":[19],"association":[20],"Upper":[21],"Scorpius.":[22],"This":[23],"used":[25],"nonredundant":[26],"aperture":[27],"mask":[28],"interferometry":[29],"achieve":[31],"typical":[32],"contrast":[33],"limits":[34,54,142,185],"\u0394":[36],"K":[37],"\u223c":[38],"5\u20136":[39],"at":[40,83,211,222],"diffraction":[42],"limit,":[43],"revealing":[44],"12":[45],"new":[46],"binary":[47,77],"that":[49,67,157,171,226],"lay":[50],"below":[51],"detection":[53,184],"traditional":[56],"high-resolution":[57],"imaging;":[58],"we":[59,130,151,216],"also":[60],"summarize":[61],"complementary":[63],"snapshot":[64],"imaging":[65],"discovered":[68],"seven":[69],"directly":[70],"resolved":[71],"companions.":[72],"The":[73,112],"overall":[74],"frequency":[75],"(~35":[79],"\u22124":[80],"+5":[81],"%":[82],"separations":[84],"6-435":[86],"AU)":[87],"appears":[88],"be":[90,101,159],"equivalent":[91],"field":[93],"similar":[96],"mass,":[97],"but":[98,150,215],"could":[100],"more":[102],"common":[103],"among":[104],"lower":[105,223],"mass":[106,114,124,138,148,193],"than":[108],"field.":[111],"companion":[113,156],"function":[115],"has":[116,172],"statistically":[117],"significant":[118],"differences":[119],"compared":[120],"several":[122],"suggested":[123],"functions":[125],"field,":[128],"suggest":[131],"an":[132],"alternate":[133],"lognormal":[134],"parameterization":[135],"function.":[139],"Our":[140],"encompass":[143],"entire":[145],"brown":[146,161,168],"dwarf":[147,169],"range,":[149],"only":[152],"detected":[153],"single":[155],"might":[158],"dwarf;":[162],"this":[163],"deficit":[164],"resembles":[165],"so-called":[167],"desert":[170],"been":[173],"observed":[174],"by":[175],"radial":[176],"velocity":[177],"planet":[178],"searches.":[179],"Finally,":[180],"our":[181,202],"survey's":[182],"deep":[183],"extend":[186],"into":[187],"top":[189],"planetary":[192,209],"function,":[194],"reaching":[195],"8-12":[196],"M":[197],"Jup":[198],"half":[200],"sample.":[203],"have":[205,217],"not":[206],"identified":[207,218],"any":[208],"high":[212],"confidence":[213,224],"(\u227399.5%),":[214],"four":[219],"candidate":[220],"(\u227397.5%)":[225],"merit":[227],"additional":[228],"follow-up":[229],"confirm":[231],"or":[232],"disprove":[233],"their":[234],"existence.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
