{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2026317050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j049v10n02_02","title":"Do Franchise Systems Advertise Enough? U.S. Restaurant Expenditures and Performance 1989 to 1998","display_name":"Do Franchise Systems Advertise Enough? U.S. Restaurant Expenditures and Performance 1989 to 1998","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2026317050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j049v10n02_02","mag":"2026317050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1300/j049v10n02_02","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j049v10n02_02","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j049v10n02_02","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77392188","display_name":"Journal of Marketing Channels","issn_l":"1046-669X","issn":["1046-669X","1540-7039"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Marketing Channels","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111498099","display_name":"Robert E. Stassen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert E. Stassen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Marketing and Transportation, Sam M. Walton College of Business, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Marketing and Transportation, Sam M. Walton College of Business, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109567380","display_name":"Robert A. Mittelstaedt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert A. Mittelstaedt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Marketing, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Marketing, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.2052,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98548817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"3","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12933","display_name":"Franchising Strategies and Performance","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12933","display_name":"Franchising Strategies and Performance","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13355","display_name":"Marketing and Advertising Strategies","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11161","display_name":"Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advertising-expenditure","display_name":"advertising expenditure","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advertising-effectiveness","display_name":"advertising effectiveness","score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/franchise-agreements","display_name":"franchise agreements","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/store-performance","display_name":"store performance","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advertising-budgeting","display_name":"advertising budgeting","score":0.42399999499320984}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778440429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171947","display_name":"Franchise","level":2,"score":0.8522459268569946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.7831985950469971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.665673553943634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.47470229864120483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.455434650182724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1300/j049v10n02_02","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j049v10n02_02","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j049v10n02_02","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77392188","display_name":"Journal of Marketing Channels","issn_l":"1046-669X","issn":["1046-669X","1540-7039"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Marketing Channels","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992476865","https://openalex.org/W2047181303","https://openalex.org/W2050155111","https://openalex.org/W2057023890","https://openalex.org/W2091313173","https://openalex.org/W2098944378","https://openalex.org/W2111616856","https://openalex.org/W2319413631"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2091313173","https://openalex.org/W2195807272","https://openalex.org/W7095273738","https://openalex.org/W1969375372","https://openalex.org/W2085530341","https://openalex.org/W3082327126","https://openalex.org/W2047181303","https://openalex.org/W2102615675","https://openalex.org/W7098995781","https://openalex.org/W2128517816"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"recent":[1],"article":[2,38,58],"has":[3],"raised":[4],"the":[5,57,60,71,91,112,119,133,148,162],"question":[6],"\u201cDo":[7],"Franchised":[8],"Systems":[9],"Advertise":[10],"Enough?\u201d":[11],"(Michael":[12],"1999),":[13],"showing":[14,69],"that":[15,70,165],"franchised":[16,47,154,168],"restaurant":[17,48,179],"and":[18,83,115,129,181],"hotel":[19],"systems":[20,137,155],"expend":[21],"a":[22,29,100,123,140,172],"significantly":[23],"lower":[24,159],"amount":[25,102],"of":[26,31,62,76,103,118,126,135,150,174],"advertising":[27,50,92,127,160,166],"as":[28,74],"percent":[30],"sales":[32],"than":[33],"do":[34],"corporate":[35,178],"chains.":[36],"This":[37],"examines":[39,59],"this":[40],"concern":[41],"by":[42],"using":[43],"longitudinal":[44],"data":[45],"from":[46,52,188],"chains'":[49],"expenditures":[51,63,107,128],"1989":[53],"through":[54],"1998.":[55],"First,":[56],"proportions":[61],"recorded":[64],"in":[65,87,105,153],"Ad":[66],"$":[67],"Summary,":[68],"amounts":[72],"expressed":[73],"percentage":[75],"sales,":[77],"are":[78,94,138,170],"quite":[79],"variable":[80],"both":[81],"within":[82,167],"across":[84],"franchise":[85,120],"systems,":[86],"contrast":[88],"to":[89,111,145,185],"how":[90],"budgets":[93],"established.":[95],"Second,":[96],"an":[97],"analysis":[98,125],"shows":[99],"substantial":[101],"variance":[104],"these":[106],"can":[108],"be":[109],"attributed":[110],"size,":[113],"ownership,":[114],"contractual":[116],"nature":[117],"system.":[121],"Last,":[122],"withinsystem":[124],"store":[130],"performance":[131],"indicates":[132],"majority":[134],"franchises":[136],"at":[139,171],"stage":[141],"with":[142,158,177],"few":[143],"returns":[144],"advertising.":[146],"While":[147],"proportion":[149],"franchisee":[151],"ownership":[152],"is":[156],"associated":[157],"expenditures,":[161],"results":[163],"show":[164],"chains":[169,180],"level":[173],"competitive":[175],"parity":[176],"finds":[182],"no":[183],"evidence":[184],"support":[186],"gains":[187],"increasing":[189],"expenditures.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}