{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2025800044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/089692059001700102","title":"Democratization and Stabilization in the Philippines","display_name":"Democratization and Stabilization in the Philippines","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2025800044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/089692059001700102","mag":"2025800044"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/089692059001700102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/089692059001700102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/089692059001700102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80823180","display_name":"Critical Sociology","issn_l":"0896-9205","issn":["0896-9205","1569-1632"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Critical Sociology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048893563","display_name":"Walden Flores Bello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4169-3301","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4169-3301"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walden Bello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Food and Development Policy, 145 Ninth\rSt., San Francisco, CA 94103","Institute for Food and Development Policy, 145 Ninth#R#St., San Francisco, CA 94103"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Food and Development Policy, 145 Ninth\rSt., San Francisco, CA 94103","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Food and Development Policy, 145 Ninth#R#St., San Francisco, CA 94103","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039181292","display_name":"John Gershman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Gershman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Philippine Resource Center, 2288 Fulton St., Berkeley,\rCA 94704","Philippine Resource Center, 2288 Fulton St., Berkeley,#R#CA 94704"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Philippine Resource Center, 2288 Fulton St., Berkeley,\rCA 94704","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Philippine Resource Center, 2288 Fulton St., Berkeley,#R#CA 94704","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20098425,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"35","last_page":"56"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12872","display_name":"Philippine History and Culture","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12872","display_name":"Philippine History and Culture","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13291","display_name":"Political Theory and Democracy","score":0.005499999970197678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elite-democracy","display_name":"elite democracy","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratization","display_name":"democratization","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-stabilization","display_name":"political stabilization","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corazon-aquino","display_name":"Corazon Aquino","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marcos-regime","display_name":"Marcos regime","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-national-security-policy","display_name":"US national security policy","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-succession","display_name":"political succession","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-legitimacy","display_name":"electoral legitimacy","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parliamentary-politics","display_name":"parliamentary politics","score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socio-economic-reforms","display_name":"socio-economic reforms","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philippines","display_name":"Philippines","score":0.671999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775987171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192797","display_name":"Elite","level":3,"score":0.8897937536239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17058734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064441","display_name":"Democratization","level":4,"score":0.8224388360977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48327123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317","display_name":"Dictatorship","level":4,"score":0.770268440246582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.7194004058837891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5733639597892761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5657800436019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777094542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905151","display_name":"Ballot","level":4,"score":0.5575432181358337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.5515425801277161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4553353190422058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776351663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2721121","display_name":"Allegiance","level":3,"score":0.44322454929351807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.42419326305389404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.39333927631378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3875352740287781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.24189385771751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.16940024495124817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1257786750793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/089692059001700102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/089692059001700102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/089692059001700102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80823180","display_name":"Critical Sociology","issn_l":"0896-9205","issn":["0896-9205","1569-1632"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Critical Sociology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W160346391","https://openalex.org/W580262829","https://openalex.org/W1595083960","https://openalex.org/W2000753204","https://openalex.org/W2017803887","https://openalex.org/W2107992979","https://openalex.org/W2316877450","https://openalex.org/W2586565771","https://openalex.org/W2797411123","https://openalex.org/W2900881395","https://openalex.org/W2975133990","https://openalex.org/W3018496337","https://openalex.org/W3033078819","https://openalex.org/W4256098574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590413483","https://openalex.org/W2777194408","https://openalex.org/W4294162651","https://openalex.org/W2971698820","https://openalex.org/W2107233756","https://openalex.org/W2537658649","https://openalex.org/W2493341324","https://openalex.org/W1984784131","https://openalex.org/W2721870550","https://openalex.org/W2484936842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,77],"coming":[1],"to":[2,49,75,85,108],"power":[3],"of":[4,15,21,56,61,91,117,126],"Corazon":[5],"Aquino":[6],"in":[7,10,98],"the":[8,13,29,36,41,50,62,82,89,99,115],"Philippines":[9,100],"1986":[11],"represented":[12],"restoration":[14],"elite":[16,96,112],"democracy":[17,24,97],"after":[18],"14":[19],"years":[20],"dictatorship.":[22],"Elite":[23],"derives":[25],"its":[26,86],"strength":[27],"from":[28,73,88],"fact":[30],"that":[31],"no":[32,47],"matter":[33],"how":[34],"cynically":[35],"Filipino":[37],"citizenry":[38],"might":[39],"view":[40],"electoral":[42],"process,":[43],"most":[44],"Filipinos":[45,103],"see":[46],"alternative":[48],"ballot":[51],"as":[52],"a":[53,123],"legitimate":[54],"means":[55],"political":[57,93],"succession.":[58],"Key":[59],"sectors":[60],"U.S.":[63],"national":[64,92],"security":[65],"establishment":[66],"understood":[67],"this":[68],"and":[69,109,120],"shifted":[70],"Washington's":[71],"support":[72],"Marcos":[74],"Aquino.":[76],"Philippine":[78],"left,":[79],"however,":[80],"misread":[81],"population,":[83],"leading":[84],"marginalization":[87],"mainstream":[90],"life.":[94],"Nevertheless,":[95],"is":[101],"fragile.":[102],"have":[104,130],"alternated":[105],"between":[106],"allegiance":[107],"disaffection":[110,127],"with":[111],"parliamentarism.":[113],"In":[114],"absence":[116],"fundamental":[118],"social":[119],"economic":[121],"reforms,":[122],"new":[124],"round":[125],"may":[128],"already":[129],"begun.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}