{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2024960229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5840/beq200313434","title":"What Stakeholder Theory is Not","display_name":"What Stakeholder Theory is Not","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2024960229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5840/beq200313434","mag":"2024960229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5840/beq200313434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5840/beq200313434","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5840/beq200313434","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9702615","display_name":"Business Ethics Quarterly","issn_l":"1052-150X","issn":["1052-150X","2153-3326"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Business Ethics Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=663703","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033389404","display_name":"Robert A. Phillips","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-3818","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-3818","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5073-4139"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070426707","display_name":"R. Edward Freeman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0721-5878","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0721-5878"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Edward Freeman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068447896","display_name":"Andrew C. Wicks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0003-2796","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0003-2796"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew C. Wicks","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":59.7142,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1466,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99860035,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"479","last_page":"502"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10115","display_name":"Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting","score":0.9506999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10115","display_name":"Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting","score":0.9506999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13603","display_name":"Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability","score":0.021900000050663948,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11058","display_name":"Ethics in Business and Education","score":0.005499999970197678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder-theory","display_name":"stakeholder theory","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder-concept","display_name":"stakeholder concept","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-ambiguity","display_name":"conceptual ambiguity","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-social-responsibility","display_name":"corporate social responsibility","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder-management","display_name":"stakeholder management","score":0.414000004529953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775868214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1208425","display_name":"Praise","level":2,"score":0.7672151327133179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201305675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852998","display_name":"Stakeholder","level":2,"score":0.7309771776199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.595223069190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176239081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2979849","display_name":"Stakeholder theory","level":3,"score":0.5914105176925659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5857915878295898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5752944350242615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.5672355890274048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.47697529196739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.4237111210823059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.27626723051071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.2655407190322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.16524788737297058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14783692359924316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14616885781288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.11756163835525513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5840/beq200313434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5840/beq200313434","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5840/beq200313434","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9702615","display_name":"Business Ethics Quarterly","issn_l":"1052-150X","issn":["1052-150X","2153-3326"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Business Ethics Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:3121412416","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=663703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cup:buetqu:v:13:y:2003:i:04:p:479-502_00","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1052150X00006710/type/journal_article","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/997541","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/997541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:263683","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:3121412416","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=663703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42808592","https://openalex.org/W44517871","https://openalex.org/W115598873","https://openalex.org/W198283608","https://openalex.org/W641556268","https://openalex.org/W1489018916","https://openalex.org/W1507539711","https://openalex.org/W1579732355","https://openalex.org/W1608577056","https://openalex.org/W1958275295","https://openalex.org/W1968279691","https://openalex.org/W1971870746","https://openalex.org/W1975710200","https://openalex.org/W1982941217","https://openalex.org/W1989766991","https://openalex.org/W2003021747","https://openalex.org/W2009260120","https://openalex.org/W2009664919","https://openalex.org/W2025023022","https://openalex.org/W2034025364","https://openalex.org/W2037930186","https://openalex.org/W2040324527","https://openalex.org/W2047735993","https://openalex.org/W2048672025","https://openalex.org/W2050155712","https://openalex.org/W2050629795","https://openalex.org/W2059626529","https://openalex.org/W2062571617","https://openalex.org/W2068155429","https://openalex.org/W2075486356","https://openalex.org/W2089087592","https://openalex.org/W2096320953","https://openalex.org/W2099885514","https://openalex.org/W2106439192","https://openalex.org/W2117044370","https://openalex.org/W2121615221","https://openalex.org/W2138983371","https://openalex.org/W2163741736","https://openalex.org/W2167700901","https://openalex.org/W2177756622","https://openalex.org/W2221615568","https://openalex.org/W2249414477","https://openalex.org/W2308564596","https://openalex.org/W2315945774","https://openalex.org/W2328080404","https://openalex.org/W2329709050","https://openalex.org/W2496450394","https://openalex.org/W2728884924","https://openalex.org/W2800836212","https://openalex.org/W2945149079","https://openalex.org/W2971472914","https://openalex.org/W3093012486","https://openalex.org/W3121557310","https://openalex.org/W3133578473","https://openalex.org/W4213439731","https://openalex.org/W4214907476","https://openalex.org/W4253131305","https://openalex.org/W4254255734","https://openalex.org/W4298880748","https://openalex.org/W6685774509"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2900729390","https://openalex.org/W4225667812","https://openalex.org/W796233062","https://openalex.org/W2074766466","https://openalex.org/W1973188051","https://openalex.org/W4229665986","https://openalex.org/W2618115593","https://openalex.org/W4402729682","https://openalex.org/W1817743924","https://openalex.org/W1992329207"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract:":[0],"The":[1,19,61],"term":[2,20],"stakeholder":[3,48],"is":[4,9,52,67],"a":[5,12,34,71,118,135,142],"powerful":[6],"one.":[7],"This":[8],"due,":[10],"to":[11,15,24,90,101,133],"significant":[13],"degree,":[14],"its":[16,56,103],"conceptual":[17],"breadth.":[18],"means":[21],"different":[22,25],"things":[23],"people":[26],"and":[27,39,113,125,137],"hence":[28],"evokes":[29],"praise":[30],"or":[31],"scorn":[32],"from":[33],"wide":[35],"variety":[36],"of":[37,43,47,55,63,70,78,81,86,109,120,128],"scholars":[38],"practitioners.":[40],"Such":[41],"breadth":[42],"interpretation,":[44],"though":[45],"one":[46,54],"theory\u2019s":[49],"greatest":[50],"strengths,":[51],"also":[53],"most":[57],"prominent":[58],"theoretical":[59],"liabilities.":[60],"goal":[62],"the":[64,79,84,91,97,129],"current":[65],"paper":[66],"like":[68],"that":[69,74,94],"controlled":[72],"burn":[73],"clears":[75],"away":[76],"some":[77],"underbrush":[80],"misinterpretation":[82],"in":[83,111],"hope":[85,132],"denying":[87],"easy":[88],"fuel":[89],"critical":[92,124],"conflagration":[93],"would":[95],"raze":[96],"theory.":[98],"We":[99],"aim":[100],"narrow":[102],"technical":[104],"meaning":[105],"for":[106,145],"greater":[107],"facility":[108],"use":[110],"management":[112],"organizational":[114],"studies.":[115],"By":[116],"elaborating":[117],"number":[119],"common":[121],"misinterpretations":[122],"\u2013":[123,127],"friendly":[126],"theory,":[130],"we":[131],"render":[134],"stronger":[136],"more":[138],"convincing":[139],"theory":[140],"as":[141],"starting":[143],"place":[144],"future":[146],"research.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":79},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":94},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":87},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":86},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":91},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":94},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":97},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":80},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":70},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":62}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
