{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2024950835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0301809","title":"Evolution of Carbon Microstructures during the Pyrolysis of Turkish Elbistan Lignite in the Temperature Range 700\u22121000 \u00b0C","display_name":"Evolution of Carbon Microstructures during the Pyrolysis of Turkish Elbistan Lignite in the Temperature Range 700\u22121000 \u00b0C","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2024950835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0301809","mag":"2024950835"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/ef0301809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0301809","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0301809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186935893","display_name":"Energy & Fuels","issn_l":"0887-0624","issn":["0887-0624","1520-5029"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy & Fuels","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086349828","display_name":"Billur Sakintuna","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","display_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/049asqa32","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Billur Sakintuna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056383591","display_name":"Yuda Y\u00fcr\u00fcm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3378-5487","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3378-5487"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","display_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/049asqa32","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuda Y\u00fcr\u00fcm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101722971","display_name":"Sevil \u00c7etinkaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6009-3008","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6009-3008"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66514158","display_name":"Hacettepe University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kwvgz42","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66514158"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sevil \u00c7etinkaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara 06532, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara 06532, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66514158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056383591"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"],"apc_list":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8724,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92177551,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"883","last_page":"888"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14428","display_name":"Coal and Coke Industries Research","score":0.2653999924659729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14428","display_name":"Coal and Coke Industries Research","score":0.2653999924659729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":0.22519999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13465","display_name":"Graphite, nuclear technology, radiation studies","score":0.1859000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lignite-pyrolysis","display_name":"lignite pyrolysis","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activated-carbon","display_name":"activated carbon","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-microstructure","display_name":"carbon microstructure","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acid-washing","display_name":"acid washing","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bet-surface-area","display_name":"BET surface area","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/porosity","display_name":"porosity","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stacking-height","display_name":"stacking height","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crystallite-size","display_name":"crystallite size","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbostratic-structure","display_name":"turbostratic structure","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-activation","display_name":"oxidative activation","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/char","display_name":"char","score":0.453000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36759035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176848","display_name":"Pyrolysis","level":2,"score":0.8256645798683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137637335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899604","display_name":"Crystallite","level":2,"score":0.8229181170463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39353612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283759","display_name":"Atmospheric temperature range","level":2,"score":0.7356981635093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.6253266334533691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154877778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2630655","display_name":"Carbonization","level":3,"score":0.6025022268295288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95121573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190474","display_name":"Activation energy","level":2,"score":0.5687851905822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.5126751661300659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.4848116934299469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4659282863140106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4496420919895172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33347731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285210","display_name":"Stacking","level":2,"score":0.4475661516189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779647737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190878","display_name":"Activated carbon","level":3,"score":0.4192357659339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.3771274983882904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13965031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545","display_name":"Nuclear chemistry","level":1,"score":0.35299575328826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.2011125385761261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.17442703247070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150394285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180254","display_name":"Adsorption","level":2,"score":0.12617293000221252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.109026700258255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/ef0301809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0301809","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0301809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186935893","display_name":"Energy & Fuels","issn_l":"0887-0624","issn":["0887-0624","1520-5029"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy & Fuels","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.sabanciuniv.edu:449","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.sabanciuniv.edu/id/eprint/449/1/3011800001102.pdf","pdf_url":"https://research.sabanciuniv.edu/id/eprint/449/1/3011800001102.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402254","display_name":"Sabanci University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","host_organization_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.40869998931884766}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W142643444","https://openalex.org/W1966880844","https://openalex.org/W1969876880","https://openalex.org/W1973996346","https://openalex.org/W1986204293","https://openalex.org/W2000389440","https://openalex.org/W2023611704","https://openalex.org/W2031110789","https://openalex.org/W2033126464","https://openalex.org/W2037714018","https://openalex.org/W2065043970","https://openalex.org/W2081812379","https://openalex.org/W2083395118","https://openalex.org/W2083668321","https://openalex.org/W2115857996","https://openalex.org/W2164587113","https://openalex.org/W2315548489"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7028442873","https://openalex.org/W1977601843","https://openalex.org/W2025002130","https://openalex.org/W2024850374","https://openalex.org/W1479932181","https://openalex.org/W2005586377","https://openalex.org/W2043807541","https://openalex.org/W1863524061","https://openalex.org/W2026894489","https://openalex.org/W1964958883"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chars":[0],"and":[1,9,20,25,111],"activated":[2,161],"carbons":[3],"were":[4],"produced":[5],"from":[6,60,94,107,123,135],"raw,":[7],"HCl-washed,":[8],"HCl/HF-washed":[10,89,162],"Elbistan":[11],"lignites":[12],"at":[13,144],"700":[14,61,136],"\u00b0C,":[15,17,19],"800":[16],"900":[18],"1000":[21,64,139],"\u00b0C.":[22,140,202,229],"The":[23,42,80,155,203],"pyrolysis":[24,57,131],"activation":[26,59,185],"reactions":[27,142,183],"increased":[28,106,120,134],"the":[29,37,45,54,69,76,83,100,112,116,130,145,152,168,173,189,193,197,207,216,224],"BET":[30,46],"areas":[31,47],"(m":[32,48],"2":[33,49],"/g":[34,50],"carbon)":[35,51],"of":[36,44,56,71,78,82,88,103,115,157,192,200,218,227],"acid-washed":[38],"samples":[39,90,163,175],"almost":[40,165],"10-fold.":[41],"increase":[43,93],"by":[52],"increasing":[53],"temperature":[55,132,147,198,225],"or":[58],"\u00b0C":[62,65,137],"to":[63,75,92,97,109,126,138],"was":[66,133],"explained":[67],"with":[68],"burn-out":[70],"carbon":[72],"which":[73],"led":[74],"development":[77,217],"porosity.":[79],"values":[81,156],"stacking":[84,153,190],"heights,":[85],"L":[86,118,158],"c":[87,159],"seemed":[91],"1.0":[95],"nm":[96,125,128],"1.5":[98],"nm,":[99],"average":[101],"number":[102],"graphene":[104],"sheets":[105],"2.8":[108],"4.4,":[110],"lateral":[113],"size":[114],"crystallites,":[117],"a,":[119],"very":[121],"faintly":[122],"5.0":[124],"5.5":[127],"when":[129],"Activation":[141],"performed":[143],"same":[146,169],"range":[148,170,199,226],"did":[149,186],"not":[150,187],"change":[151],"heights.":[154],"for":[160,172,215],"stayed":[164],"constant":[166],"in":[167,196,206,223],"as":[171,213],"carbonized":[174],"within":[176],"1.0\u22121.5":[177],"nm.":[178],"This":[179],"indicated":[180],"that":[181],"oxidative":[182],"during":[184],"alter":[188],"heights":[191],"crystallites":[194],"significantly":[195],"700\u22121000":[201,228],"results":[204],"presented":[205],"present":[208],"work":[209],"can":[210],"be":[211],"considered":[212],"indications":[214],"turbostratic":[219],"(fully":[220],"disordered)":[221],"structures":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}