{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2024940833","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/33/4/6","title":"The status of Johnson noise thermometry","display_name":"The status of Johnson noise thermometry","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2024940833","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/33/4/6","mag":"2024940833"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/0026-1394/33/4/6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/33/4/6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/33/4/6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7291761","display_name":"Metrologia","issn_l":"0026-1394","issn":["0026-1394","1681-7575"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metrologia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070492422","display_name":"David R. White","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8156-7943","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8156-7943"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D R White","raw_affiliation_strings":["MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004386630","display_name":"Roberto Galleano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8724-817X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8724-817X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R Galleano","raw_affiliation_strings":["MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046018288","display_name":"A Actis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Actis","raw_affiliation_strings":["MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072438001","display_name":"Heinz Brixy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H Brixy","raw_affiliation_strings":["MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"M De Groot","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M De Groot","raw_affiliation_strings":["MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"J Dubbeldam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Dubbeldam","raw_affiliation_strings":["MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070225436","display_name":"A. L. Reesink","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A L Reesink","raw_affiliation_strings":["MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040794789","display_name":"Frank Edler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0413-1337","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0413-1337"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F Edler","raw_affiliation_strings":["MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"H Sakurai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H Sakurai","raw_affiliation_strings":["MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109444388","display_name":"R.L. Shepard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R L Shepard","raw_affiliation_strings":["MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016281831","display_name":"J.C. Gallop","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J C Gallop","raw_affiliation_strings":["MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MSL, IMGC, Forschungzentrum Julich, NMi-VSL, KOL, PTB, NRLM, Univ. Tennessee, NPL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"],"apc_list":{"value":3325,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3325},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2614,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":150,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81608533,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"4","first_page":"325","last_page":"335"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":0.43799999356269836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":0.43799999356269836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12019","display_name":"Calibration and Measurement Techniques","score":0.39579999446868896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12300","display_name":"Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques","score":0.09449999779462814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/johnson-noise-thermometry","display_name":"Johnson noise thermometry","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-noise","display_name":"thermal noise","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-measurement","display_name":"temperature measurement","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metrology","display_name":"metrology","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nyquist-noise","display_name":"Nyquist noise","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-measurement","display_name":"noise measurement","score":0.31200000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.7036266326904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195766429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q394","display_name":"Metrology","level":2,"score":0.6051698327064514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104419016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337490","display_name":"Johnson\u2013Nyquist noise","level":3,"score":0.561960756778717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4605196714401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778154381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105296908","display_name":"Ingenuity","level":2,"score":0.431179016828537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.4200182259082794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.38909125328063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.28718101978302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1900233030319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12638026475906372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.12259489297866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08059588074684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.06459420919418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/0026-1394/33/4/6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/33/4/6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/33/4/6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7291761","display_name":"Metrologia","issn_l":"0026-1394","issn":["0026-1394","1681-7575"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metrologia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45470238","https://openalex.org/W183085080","https://openalex.org/W970602205","https://openalex.org/W1883540189","https://openalex.org/W1967426777","https://openalex.org/W1968778486","https://openalex.org/W1969139252","https://openalex.org/W1970701655","https://openalex.org/W1977483999","https://openalex.org/W1984675143","https://openalex.org/W1988107080","https://openalex.org/W1989744828","https://openalex.org/W1993076026","https://openalex.org/W1995035678","https://openalex.org/W2002572524","https://openalex.org/W2006280277","https://openalex.org/W2006430083","https://openalex.org/W2008728045","https://openalex.org/W2014011244","https://openalex.org/W2016514968","https://openalex.org/W2028753816","https://openalex.org/W2033943308","https://openalex.org/W2038462420","https://openalex.org/W2038874864","https://openalex.org/W2041012648","https://openalex.org/W2042421240","https://openalex.org/W2044268500","https://openalex.org/W2049020603","https://openalex.org/W2050730625","https://openalex.org/W2053533907","https://openalex.org/W2060955050","https://openalex.org/W2062169070","https://openalex.org/W2063134437","https://openalex.org/W2076602648","https://openalex.org/W2080259376","https://openalex.org/W2084069268","https://openalex.org/W2087088564","https://openalex.org/W2087222995","https://openalex.org/W2087946175","https://openalex.org/W2088079069","https://openalex.org/W2088860967","https://openalex.org/W2090888886","https://openalex.org/W2092354322","https://openalex.org/W2114509411","https://openalex.org/W2127793312","https://openalex.org/W2129833807","https://openalex.org/W2155031452","https://openalex.org/W2158407403","https://openalex.org/W2160924552","https://openalex.org/W2162090334","https://openalex.org/W2327875001","https://openalex.org/W2771342027","https://openalex.org/W2994788000","https://openalex.org/W3012775054","https://openalex.org/W3054888899","https://openalex.org/W3136463145","https://openalex.org/W4240980180","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963145680","https://openalex.org/W45470238","https://openalex.org/W46841908","https://openalex.org/W1970701655","https://openalex.org/W4391213416","https://openalex.org/W2090293481","https://openalex.org/W2127744152","https://openalex.org/W2564526117","https://openalex.org/W2041668156","https://openalex.org/W2346644082"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"Johnson's":[1],"experimental":[2],"observations":[3],"of":[4,12,27,32,40,71,107],"thermal":[5,19,34],"noise":[6,20,35,52,73,96,111],"in":[7,17,95,110],"1927,":[8],"and":[9,57,75],"Nyquist's":[10],"explanation":[11],"the":[13,33,37,41,51,69,76,104],"phenomenon":[14],"shortly":[15],"afterwards":[16],"1928,":[18],"has":[21],"attracted":[22],"interest":[23],"as":[24],"a":[25],"means":[26],"measuring":[28],"temperature.":[29],"The":[30,101],"independence":[31],"from":[36],"material":[38],"nature":[39],"sensor":[42],"makes":[43],"it":[44],"particularly":[45],"attractive":[46],"for":[47,98],"metrological":[48,99],"applications.":[49,100],"However,":[50],"signals":[53],"are":[54],"extremely":[55],"small":[56],"some":[58],"ingenuity":[59],"is":[60,90],"required":[61],"to":[62,83],"make":[63],"accurate":[64],"measurements.":[65],"This":[66],"paper":[67],"reviews":[68],"foundations":[70],"Johnson":[72,87],"thermometry":[74,112],"various":[77],"techniques":[78],"that":[79],"have":[80],"been":[81],"employed":[82],"measure":[84],"temperature":[85],"via":[86],"noise.":[88],"Emphasis":[89],"placed":[91],"on":[92],"key":[93],"developments":[94],"thermometers":[97],"review":[102],"includes":[103],"current":[105],"activities":[106],"teams":[108],"involved":[109],"research.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}