{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2024940322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159043359477","title":"Buprenorphine: A Unique Drug with Complex Pharmacology","display_name":"Buprenorphine: A Unique Drug with Complex Pharmacology","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2024940322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159043359477","mag":"2024940322","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18997874","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2581407"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2174/1570159043359477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159043359477","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159043359477","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85221069","display_name":"Current Neuropharmacology","issn_l":"1570-159X","issn":["1570-159X","1875-6190"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320079","host_organization_name":"Bentham Science Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bentham Science Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Neuropharmacology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2024940322"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2581407/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055662074","display_name":"Kabirullah Lutfy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0350-3693","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0350-3693"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93393672","display_name":"Western University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05167c961","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93393672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kabirullah Lutfy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA. klutfy@westernu.edu","Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA. klutfy@westernu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93393672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93393672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109098190","display_name":"Alan Cowan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93393672","display_name":"Western University of Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05167c961","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93393672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Cowan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street,Pomona, CA 91766, USA.,United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street,Pomona, CA 91766, USA.,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93393672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93393672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7599,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":348,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61746389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":"395","last_page":"402"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10814","display_name":"Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology","score":0.7871000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10814","display_name":"Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology","score":0.7871000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10196","display_name":"Pain Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.08190000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11199","display_name":"Pain Management and Opioid Use","score":0.07580000162124634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buprenorphine","display_name":"buprenorphine","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-receptors","display_name":"opioid receptors","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mu-opioid-receptor","display_name":"mu-opioid receptor","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kappa-opioid-receptor","display_name":"kappa opioid receptor","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delta-opioid-receptor","display_name":"delta opioid receptor","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ceiling-effect","display_name":"ceiling effect","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-agonism","display_name":"partial agonism","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-analgesia","display_name":"opioid analgesia","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-use-disorder","display_name":"opioid use disorder","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-reward","display_name":"opioid reward","score":0.6039999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778949969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407721","display_name":"Buprenorphine","level":4,"score":0.8977007269859314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.6581358313560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.6410608291625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.630768895149231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781063702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427523","display_name":"Opioid","level":3,"score":0.21058601140975952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.07979738712310791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.07482939958572388}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2174/1570159043359477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159043359477","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159043359477","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85221069","display_name":"Current Neuropharmacology","issn_l":"1570-159X","issn":["1570-159X","1875-6190"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320079","host_organization_name":"Bentham Science Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bentham Science Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Neuropharmacology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18997874","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18997874","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current neuropharmacology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2581407","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2581407/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Curr Neuropharmacol","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2581407","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2581407/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Curr Neuropharmacol","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8048999905586243,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6162005016","display_name":"THE OFQ/N/ORL-1 RECEPTOR SYSTEM & COCAINE SENSITIZATION","funder_award_id":"R01DA016682","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":102,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488985533","https://openalex.org/W1525898285","https://openalex.org/W1598044684","https://openalex.org/W1764777080","https://openalex.org/W1900414416","https://openalex.org/W1939305793","https://openalex.org/W1958969306","https://openalex.org/W1964097926","https://openalex.org/W1965248892","https://openalex.org/W1968941465","https://openalex.org/W1970793934","https://openalex.org/W1975466551","https://openalex.org/W1980315117","https://openalex.org/W1983587230","https://openalex.org/W1983972083","https://openalex.org/W1985115521","https://openalex.org/W1988185716","https://openalex.org/W1988402607","https://openalex.org/W1991377640","https://openalex.org/W1992389336","https://openalex.org/W1996561349","https://openalex.org/W2001062253","https://openalex.org/W2001865657","https://openalex.org/W2003446256","https://openalex.org/W2009243814","https://openalex.org/W2013380848","https://openalex.org/W2013690942","https://openalex.org/W2013718621","https://openalex.org/W2014229964","https://openalex.org/W2016562510","https://openalex.org/W2016810487","https://openalex.org/W2017424116","https://openalex.org/W2018910234","https://openalex.org/W2019755330","https://openalex.org/W2022560389","https://openalex.org/W2022884479","https://openalex.org/W2026220757","https://openalex.org/W2026594079","https://openalex.org/W2026689443","https://openalex.org/W2026939309","https://openalex.org/W2027472466","https://openalex.org/W2027647136","https://openalex.org/W2027884975","https://openalex.org/W2029891253","https://openalex.org/W2030381973","https://openalex.org/W2031647610","https://openalex.org/W2032580600","https://openalex.org/W2036685400","https://openalex.org/W2037662305","https://openalex.org/W2038117560","https://openalex.org/W2038802102","https://openalex.org/W2041350065","https://openalex.org/W2043685761","https://openalex.org/W2045112376","https://openalex.org/W2048606952","https://openalex.org/W2049819003","https://openalex.org/W2052905392","https://openalex.org/W2054119130","https://openalex.org/W2055001422","https://openalex.org/W2055246318","https://openalex.org/W2058242248","https://openalex.org/W2060268543","https://openalex.org/W2063230128","https://openalex.org/W2063539450","https://openalex.org/W2066624199","https://openalex.org/W2067645781","https://openalex.org/W2070795956","https://openalex.org/W2072419382","https://openalex.org/W2072671458","https://openalex.org/W2073133993","https://openalex.org/W2074545373","https://openalex.org/W2074902868","https://openalex.org/W2075048936","https://openalex.org/W2075608053","https://openalex.org/W2076701694","https://openalex.org/W2077530921","https://openalex.org/W2082151265","https://openalex.org/W2083064925","https://openalex.org/W2094167697","https://openalex.org/W2097088407","https://openalex.org/W2099319294","https://openalex.org/W2106862702","https://openalex.org/W2116181377","https://openalex.org/W2119109276","https://openalex.org/W2121153184","https://openalex.org/W2122283279","https://openalex.org/W2131601450","https://openalex.org/W2133672910","https://openalex.org/W2151983997","https://openalex.org/W2154237001","https://openalex.org/W2161593515","https://openalex.org/W2166290059","https://openalex.org/W2169184831","https://openalex.org/W2210330010","https://openalex.org/W2275331720","https://openalex.org/W2407255657","https://openalex.org/W2407372133","https://openalex.org/W2419007894","https://openalex.org/W3004550849","https://openalex.org/W4238905037","https://openalex.org/W4296759769","https://openalex.org/W4406968089"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4296759769","https://openalex.org/W75493964","https://openalex.org/W2171026310","https://openalex.org/W120130743","https://openalex.org/W2083935847","https://openalex.org/W2007769868","https://openalex.org/W4406884900","https://openalex.org/W2030085641","https://openalex.org/W4402822779"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Buprenorphine,":[0],"an":[1,26],"opioid":[2,9,19,72,84,137,194,206,235],"with":[3,55],"mixed":[4],"agonist-antagonist":[5],"activity":[6,112],"at":[7,69,79],"classical":[8],"receptors,":[10],"has":[11,131,186,210],"been":[12,87,132],"approved":[13],"recently":[14,222],"for":[15,93],"the":[16,43,48,62,70,80,94,115,127,136,148,152,160,177,191,225,233,240,243,247,251,262,272,283],"treatment":[17],"of":[18,47,64,101,113,123,126,147,157,165,182,193,198,205,228,242,253,275,282],"dependency.":[20],"Buprenorphine":[21],"is":[22,32,237,256],"also":[23,140,168,278],"used":[24],"as":[25,59,89,142,285],"analgesic.":[27],"The":[28,180],"buprenorphine":[29,130,166,229,276],"dose-response":[30,99,117],"curve":[31,100,118],"sometimes":[33],"submaximal,":[34],"or":[35,82],"even":[36],"bell-shaped,":[37],"in":[38,75,196,213,271,279],"nociceptive":[39],"assays,":[40],"depending":[41],"upon":[42],"nature":[44],"and":[45,97,154,200],"intensity":[46],"noxious":[49],"stimulus.":[50],"Moreover,":[51],"buprenorphine,":[52,114],"when":[53],"administered":[54],"full":[56],"agonists,":[57],"such":[58],"morphine,":[60,158],"antagonizes":[61],"action":[63],"these":[65,163],"drugs.":[66],"Partial":[67],"agonism":[68],"mu":[71,234],"receptor":[73,85,150,207,236,264],"and,":[74],"some":[76],"cases,":[77],"antagonism":[78],"kappa":[81],"delta":[83],"have":[86,221],"considered":[88],"possible":[90],"underlying":[91],"mechanisms":[92],"ceiling":[95,104],"effect":[96,227,274],"bell-shaped":[98,116],"buprenorphine.":[102],"While":[103],"effects":[105],"can":[106,167],"be":[107,120,169],"explained":[108],"by":[109,171,232,239],"partial":[110],"agonist":[111],"cannot":[119],"a":[121,266],"consequence":[122],"this":[124,214,254],"property":[125],"drug.":[128],"Recently,":[129],"shown":[133,223],"to":[134,174,245,257],"activate":[135,176,246],"receptor-like":[138],"(ORL-1;":[139],"known":[141],"NOP)":[143],"receptor.":[144,179,249],"Supraspinal":[145],"activation":[146],"ORL-1":[149,178,248,263],"counteracts":[151],"antinociceptive":[153,226,273],"rewarding":[155],"actions":[156,164,281],"raising":[159],"possibility":[161],"that":[162,224,261],"altered":[170],"its":[172],"ability":[173,241],"concomitantly":[175],"use":[181],"molecular":[183],"biological":[184],"techniques":[185],"advanced":[187],"our":[188],"knowledge":[189],"regarding":[190],"role":[192,268],"receptors":[195],"modulation":[197],"pain":[199],"reward.":[201],"In":[202],"particular,":[203],"generation":[204],"knockout":[208,218],"mice":[209],"proven":[211],"useful":[212],"regard.":[215],"Indeed,":[216],"using":[217],"mice,":[219],"we":[220],"mediated":[230],"primarily":[231],"attenuated":[238],"drug":[244,284],"Thus,":[250],"goal":[252],"review":[255],"provide":[258],"evidence":[259],"demonstrating":[260],"plays":[265],"functional":[267],"not":[269],"only":[270],"but":[277],"other":[280],"well.":[286]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
