{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2024914724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.113.12.1063","title":"THE USEFULNESS OF ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN MENTAL DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY","display_name":"THE USEFULNESS OF ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN MENTAL DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY","publication_year":1957,"publication_date":"1957-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2024914724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.113.12.1063","mag":"2024914724","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13424729"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1176/ajp.113.12.1063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.113.12.1063","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.113.12.1063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116025658","display_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0002-953X","issn":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316602","host_organization_name":"American Psychiatric Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychiatric Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021304162","display_name":"Isabel McCaffrey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ISABEL MCCAFFREY","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055534790","display_name":"Joseph J. Downing","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JOSEPH DOWNING","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1015,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83251577,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"113","issue":"12","first_page":"1063","last_page":"1068"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10272","display_name":"Mental Health Treatment and Access","score":0.29589998722076416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10272","display_name":"Mental Health Treatment and Access","score":0.29589998722076416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12666","display_name":"Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices","score":0.2734000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10023","display_name":"Schizophrenia research and treatment","score":0.17219999432563782,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecological-analysis","display_name":"ecological analysis","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospitalized-patients","display_name":"hospitalized patients","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-environment","display_name":"socio-economic environment","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-onset","display_name":"disease onset","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socio-economic-conditions","display_name":"socioeconomic conditions","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/onset-time","display_name":"onset time","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-data","display_name":"clinical data","score":0.40700000524520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.8307816386222839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.7870568037033081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5674753189086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992895887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12135","display_name":"Mental disease","level":2,"score":0.4912096858024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777767895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4691924","display_name":"Age of onset","level":3,"score":0.4143211245536804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4105859398841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.39876970648765564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.36715972423553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.34167778491973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.21264609694480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.16686680912971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.15474775433540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004463","descriptor_name":"Ecology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1176/ajp.113.12.1063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.113.12.1063","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.113.12.1063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116025658","display_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0002-953X","issn":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316602","host_organization_name":"American Psychiatric Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychiatric Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:13424729","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13424729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American journal of psychiatry","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995595375","https://openalex.org/W2333653993","https://openalex.org/W2799269292"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3000704344","https://openalex.org/W7097467943","https://openalex.org/W1982477869","https://openalex.org/W3150074221","https://openalex.org/W2150436877","https://openalex.org/W2050648453","https://openalex.org/W2130442008","https://openalex.org/W2138984965","https://openalex.org/W2789019855","https://openalex.org/W146687068"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0,45],"is":[1,46,106,138,242,306,339],"recognized":[2],"that":[3,49,64,72,83,108,141,176,226,235],"different":[4,257],"associations,":[5,8],"or":[6,231],"no":[7],"might":[9,90,115,177],"have":[10,116,178,264,292],"been":[11,17,117,179,265,293],"found":[12,63,180],"if":[13,60],"unhospitalized":[14],"cases":[15,35,335],"had":[16],"added":[18],"to":[19,39,170,182,189,201,216,308,311,318,346],"the":[20,28,40,55,65,69,77,80,84,92,96,99,102,109,113,128,142,147,156,160,163,172,193,205,227,239,247,250,254,269,272,276,280,312,319,322,327,337,343,347,350,359,363,374,383],"study.":[21],"Insofar":[22],"as":[23,136,149,174,212],"this":[24,154,185,330,366],"may":[25,36,145,263],"be":[26,52,91,168,171,199,202,221,309,353],"true,":[27],"identification":[29],"of":[30,42,57,68,73,98,112,153,165,195,207,238,249,259,271,275,279,288,314,321,324,326,334,349,368,382,385],"characteristics":[31],"associated":[32,85,158],"with":[33,159,204,256],"hospitalized":[34,74],"not":[37,340],"contribute":[38],"epidemiology":[41,56,291],"old-age":[43,58],"psychoses.":[44],"concluded,":[47],"however,":[48,305],"little":[50],"would":[51],"gained":[53],"in":[54,151,223,246,261,282,377],"psychoses":[59],"it":[61,105,220],"were":[62],"true":[66],"distribution":[67],"disease":[70,114,143,161,260,290,351,379],"resembles":[71],"cases.":[75],"In":[76,101,252],"first":[78],"place,":[79,104],"evidence":[81],"suggests":[82],"social":[86,208],"and":[87,123,209,342,355],"economic":[88,210],"conditions":[89,157,190,211,344,360],"results":[93],"rather":[94],"than":[95],"causes":[97],"disease.":[100,251,277,328,364],"second":[103],"suggested":[107,150],"initial":[110,273],"stages":[111],"present":[118,191],"at":[119,162,192,268],"an":[120,125],"early":[121,332],"age":[122],"exercised":[124],"influence":[126],"on":[127],"\"environment\"":[129],"many":[130],"years":[131],"before":[132],"diagnosis.":[133],"As":[134],"long":[135],"there":[137],"a":[139,243],"possibility":[140],"itself":[144],"select":[146],"environment,":[148],"parts":[152],"study,":[155],"time":[164,194,270,323],"diagnosis":[166,196],"cannot":[167,197,352],"assumed":[169],"same":[173],"those":[175],"prior":[181,215,345],"onset.":[183,217],"For":[184],"reason,":[186],"studies":[187],"limited":[188],"always":[198],"said":[200],"concerned":[203],"role":[206],"causative":[213],"factors":[214],"Nor":[218],"can":[219],"said,":[222],"these":[224],"circumstances,":[225],"findings":[228],"either":[229],"support":[230],"reject":[232],"any":[233,236],"hypothesis":[234],"aspect":[237],"\"socio-economic":[240],"environment\"":[241],"contributing":[244],"factor":[245],"onset":[248,274,325],"fact,":[253],"populations":[255],"rates":[258],"1940":[262],"exactly":[266],"alike":[267],"Some":[278],"difficulties":[281],"interpreting":[283],"\"ecological":[284],"correlations\"":[285],"for":[286],"purposes":[287],"mental":[289,378],"described":[294],"by":[295],"others":[296],"(7,":[297],"8,":[298],"9,":[299],"10,":[300],"11).":[301],"The":[302],"chief":[303],"problem,":[304],"believed":[307],"related":[310],"lack":[313],"clinical":[315,371],"information":[316],"necessary":[317],"establishment":[320],"Without":[329],"information,":[331],"recognition":[333],"outside":[336],"hospital":[338],"possible":[341],"development":[348],"separated":[354],"studied":[356],"apart":[357],"from":[358,362],"resulting":[361],"From":[365],"point":[367],"view,":[369],"useful":[370],"data":[372],"constitute":[373],"greatest":[375],"need":[376],"epidemiology,":[380],"regardless":[381],"method":[384],"analysis":[386],"used.":[387]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}