{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2024914408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/721/2/1448","title":"THE EVOLUTION OF LYMAN LIMIT ABSORPTION SYSTEMS TO REDSHIFT SIX","display_name":"THE EVOLUTION OF LYMAN LIMIT ABSORPTION SYSTEMS TO REDSHIFT SIX","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2024914408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/721/2/1448","mag":"2024914408"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/0004-637x/721/2/1448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/721/2/1448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/721/2/1448","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/721/2/1448/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/721/2/1448/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018620395","display_name":"A. Songaila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9028-6978","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9028-6978"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","display_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","ror":"https://ror.org/01wspgy28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331384533","display_name":"University of Hawaii System","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzaeb71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331384533"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800057969","display_name":"W.M. Keck Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/00ab7ks98","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800057969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoinette Songaila","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA","Visiting Astronomer, W. M. Keck Observatory, which is jointly operated by the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899","https://openalex.org/I1331384533"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visiting Astronomer, W. M. Keck Observatory, which is jointly operated by the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I2800057969","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077389758","display_name":"L. L. Cowie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6319-1575","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6319-1575"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","display_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","ror":"https://ror.org/01wspgy28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331384533","display_name":"University of Hawaii System","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzaeb71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331384533"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800057969","display_name":"W.M. Keck Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/00ab7ks98","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800057969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lennox L. Cowie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA","Visiting Astronomer, W. M. Keck Observatory, which is jointly operated by the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899","https://openalex.org/I1331384533"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visiting Astronomer, W. M. Keck Observatory, which is jointly operated by the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I2800057969","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.6633,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":218,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98429894,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"721","issue":"2","first_page":"1448","last_page":"1466"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lyman-limit-systems","display_name":"Lyman limit systems","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/damped-lyman-alpha-systems","display_name":"damped Lyman-alpha systems","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intergalactic-medium","display_name":"intergalactic medium","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redshift-evolution","display_name":"redshift evolution","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quasar-absorption-lines","display_name":"quasar absorption lines","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-redshift-quasars","display_name":"high-redshift quasars","score":0.7900000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33024259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76250","display_name":"Redshift","level":3,"score":0.9465479254722595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135041427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83373","display_name":"Quasar","level":3,"score":0.9182723760604858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.8941479921340942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779718173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6708105","display_name":"Lyman limit","level":5,"score":0.8891427516937256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8504061698913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779557605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9890","display_name":"Omega","level":2,"score":0.44032496213912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14173408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176449","display_name":"Number density","level":2,"score":0.42563462257385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777458642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489349","display_name":"Grism","level":4,"score":0.4253646433353424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993745857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4169","display_name":"Intergalactic medium","level":4,"score":0.3817465901374817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.3383200466632843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.29250234365463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0733879804611206}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/0004-637x/721/2/1448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/721/2/1448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/721/2/1448","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/721/2/1448/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1007.3262","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1007.3262","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1007.3262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1007.3262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1007.3262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1007.3262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/0004-637x/721/2/1448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/721/2/1448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/721/2/1448","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/721/2/1448/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1414944992","display_name":"MULTI-MISSION UV/OPTICAL DATA ARCHIVE CENTER","funder_award_id":"NAG57584","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G433322167","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NAS5- 26555","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314503","funder_display_name":"Space Telescope Science Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G58316358","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NAS 526555","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6273510985","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"26555","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314503","funder_display_name":"Space Telescope Science Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309398","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314503","display_name":"Space Telescope Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/036f5mx38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2024914408.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2024914408.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W137931163","https://openalex.org/W1649074782","https://openalex.org/W1731370316","https://openalex.org/W1925517663","https://openalex.org/W1967148529","https://openalex.org/W1970274388","https://openalex.org/W1971343676","https://openalex.org/W1976956985","https://openalex.org/W1979864392","https://openalex.org/W1980969640","https://openalex.org/W1984479246","https://openalex.org/W1995453045","https://openalex.org/W2003311684","https://openalex.org/W2005051185","https://openalex.org/W2005411300","https://openalex.org/W2008779213","https://openalex.org/W2017980472","https://openalex.org/W2019814800","https://openalex.org/W2025782802","https://openalex.org/W2029030801","https://openalex.org/W2040813576","https://openalex.org/W2041639771","https://openalex.org/W2049728682","https://openalex.org/W2054131667","https://openalex.org/W2057810308","https://openalex.org/W2062492997","https://openalex.org/W2078094801","https://openalex.org/W2081302345","https://openalex.org/W2090231561","https://openalex.org/W2099603107","https://openalex.org/W2101577341","https://openalex.org/W2120750003","https://openalex.org/W2157603621","https://openalex.org/W2213776812","https://openalex.org/W2617336294","https://openalex.org/W2949073609","https://openalex.org/W2952002515","https://openalex.org/W3098076155","https://openalex.org/W3098217610","https://openalex.org/W3098770473","https://openalex.org/W3100000247","https://openalex.org/W3101667439","https://openalex.org/W3102672361","https://openalex.org/W3103109664","https://openalex.org/W3104738275","https://openalex.org/W3121857838","https://openalex.org/W3125688855"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2472410722","https://openalex.org/W2801870339","https://openalex.org/W1745134529","https://openalex.org/W3105350030","https://openalex.org/W2129312683","https://openalex.org/W2319855292","https://openalex.org/W2061616354","https://openalex.org/W2471187612","https://openalex.org/W2010576273","https://openalex.org/W3156624275"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,27,146,171,229,250],"have":[1,28,147,182,230],"measured":[2,291,310],"the":[3,7,15,19,89,110,138,150,158,193,198,232,239,242,282,290,303,306,309],"redshift":[4,20,159,195,311],"evolution":[5,108,151,196,236,240,254],"of":[6,9,47,69,92,109,152,175,247,265,273],"density":[8,91,235],"Lyman":[10],"limit":[11],"systems":[12,155],"(LLSs)":[13],"in":[14,157,184,241,261,297],"intergalactic":[16],"medium":[17],"over":[18],"range":[21,140,160],"0":[22,141],"<":[23,25,52,55,74,77,142,144,162,164,284],"z":[24,39,53,62,75,99,114,121,143,163,222,226,256,283,295],"6.":[26,145],"used":[29,231],"two":[30,274],"new":[31],"quasar":[32,169],"samples":[33,81],"to":[34,61,225,237,255,263,281,305],"(1)":[35],"improve":[36],"coverage":[37,60],"at":[38,294],"\u223c":[40,63,257],"1,":[41],"with":[42,50,65,72,83,124,186,191,202,211],"GALEX":[43],"grism":[44],"spectrograph":[45],"observations":[46],"50":[48],"quasars":[49,71],"0.8":[51],"em":[54,76],"1.3,":[56],"and":[57,131,178],"(2)":[58],"extend":[59],"6,":[64,258],"Keck":[66],"ESI":[67],"spectra":[68],"25":[70],"4.17":[73],"5.99.":[78],"Using":[79],"these":[80],"together":[82],"published":[84,187],"data,":[85],"we":[86,181],"find":[87,172,251],"that":[88,264],"number":[90,234],"LLS":[93,233],"per":[94],"unit":[95],"redshift,":[96],"n":[97,112,117,125],"(":[98,113],"),":[100],"can":[101],"be":[102],"well":[103],"fit":[104,304],"by":[105],"a":[106,173,212,252,271],"simple":[107],"form":[111],")":[115],"=":[116,127,133,216,223,227],"3.5":[118,126],"[(1":[119],"+":[120],")/4.5]":[122],"\u03b3":[123,132],"2.80":[128],"\u00b1":[129],"0.33":[130],"1.94":[134],"+0.36":[135],"\u22120.32":[136],"for":[137],"entire":[139],"also":[148,209],"reanalyzed":[149],"damped":[153],"Ly\u03b1":[154],"(DLAs)":[156],"4":[161],"5":[165],"using":[166],"our":[167,205],"high-redshift":[168],"sample.":[170],"total":[174],"17":[176],"DLAs":[177,190],"sub-DLAs,":[179],"which":[180],"analyzed":[183],"combination":[185],"data.":[188],"The":[189],"show":[192],"same":[194],"as":[197],"LLS.":[199],"When":[200],"combined":[201],"previous":[203],"results,":[204],"DLA":[206,215],"sample":[207],"is":[208],"consistent":[210],"constant":[213],"\u03a9":[214],"9":[217],"\u00d7":[218],"10":[219],"\u22124":[220],"from":[221,289],"2":[224],"5.":[228],"compute":[238],"mean":[243],"free":[244],"path":[245],"(mfp)":[246],"ionizing":[248],"photons.":[249],"smooth":[253],"very":[259],"similar":[260],"shape":[262],"Madau":[266],"et":[267],"al.":[268],"but":[269,287],"about":[270],"factor":[272],"higher.":[275],"Recent":[276],"theoretical":[277],"models":[278],"roughly":[279],"match":[280],"6":[285],"data":[286],"diverge":[288],"power":[292],"law":[293],">6":[296],"different":[298],"ways,":[299],"cautioning":[300],"against":[301],"extrapolating":[302],"mfp":[307],"outside":[308],"range.":[312]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}