{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2024904374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jae.a020893","title":"The Circular Migration of Smallholders in Kenya","display_name":"The Circular Migration of Smallholders in Kenya","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2024904374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jae.a020893","mag":"2024904374","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12320851"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jae.a020893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jae.a020893","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jae.a020893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36588791","display_name":"Journal of African Economies","issn_l":"0963-8024","issn":["0963-8024","1464-3723"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of African Economies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081250301","display_name":"Arne Bigsten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4527-0819","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4527-0819"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Bigsten","raw_affiliation_strings":["G\u00f6teborg University","G\u00f6teborg University#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"G\u00f6teborg University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"G\u00f6teborg University#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081250301"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"],"apc_list":{"value":3554,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4687},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.795,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9745298,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13618","display_name":"Regional Socio-Economic Development Trends","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circular-migration","display_name":"circular migration","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-farmers","display_name":"smallholder farmers","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-to-urban-migration","display_name":"rural-urban migration","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/migration-decision-making","display_name":"migration decisions","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-wages","display_name":"urban wages","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-scarcity","display_name":"land scarcity","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-agricultural-economy","display_name":"non-agricultural economy","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-networks","display_name":"social networks","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indivisibility","display_name":"indivisibility","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-development","display_name":"rural development","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kenya","display_name":"Kenya","score":0.8830000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109747225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815758","display_name":"Scarcity","level":2,"score":0.7065446972846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6950664520263672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67257552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q635217","display_name":"Probit model","level":2,"score":0.6186440587043762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184314375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3117995","display_name":"Probit","level":2,"score":0.5714711546897888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777917351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863941","display_name":"Internal migration","level":3,"score":0.5636336207389832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779946298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q968580","display_name":"Circular migration","level":2,"score":0.5464906692504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.4150190055370331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170595211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177626","display_name":"Human migration","level":3,"score":0.4116946756839752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.34071674942970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.3403156101703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.32277506589889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.31470340490341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.20402976870536804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2023262083530426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.1542978286743164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.08429452776908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000349","descriptor_name":"Africa","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000349","descriptor_name":"Africa","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000349","descriptor_name":"Africa","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000351","descriptor_name":"Africa, Eastern","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000351","descriptor_name":"Africa, Eastern","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000351","descriptor_name":"Africa, Eastern","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001519","descriptor_name":"Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001519","descriptor_name":"Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001519","descriptor_name":"Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003657","descriptor_name":"Decision Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003657","descriptor_name":"Decision Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003657","descriptor_name":"Decision Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003710","descriptor_name":"Demography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003710","descriptor_name":"Demography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003710","descriptor_name":"Demography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003906","descriptor_name":"Developing Countries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003906","descriptor_name":"Developing Countries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003906","descriptor_name":"Developing Countries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004467","descriptor_name":"Economics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004467","descriptor_name":"Economics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004467","descriptor_name":"Economics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004641","descriptor_name":"Emigration and Immigration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004641","descriptor_name":"Emigration and Immigration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004641","descriptor_name":"Emigration and Immigration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005191","descriptor_name":"Family Characteristics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005191","descriptor_name":"Family Characteristics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005191","descriptor_name":"Family Characteristics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007630","descriptor_name":"Kenya","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007630","descriptor_name":"Kenya","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007630","descriptor_name":"Kenya","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011153","descriptor_name":"Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011153","descriptor_name":"Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011153","descriptor_name":"Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011157","descriptor_name":"Population Dynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011157","descriptor_name":"Population Dynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011157","descriptor_name":"Population Dynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011584","descriptor_name":"Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011584","descriptor_name":"Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011584","descriptor_name":"Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012456","descriptor_name":"Salaries and Fringe Benefits","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012456","descriptor_name":"Salaries and Fringe Benefits","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012456","descriptor_name":"Salaries and Fringe Benefits","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017954","descriptor_name":"Africa South of the Sahara","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017954","descriptor_name":"Africa South of the Sahara","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017954","descriptor_name":"Africa South of the Sahara","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jae.a020893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jae.a020893","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jae.a020893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36588791","display_name":"Journal of African Economies","issn_l":"0963-8024","issn":["0963-8024","1464-3723"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of African Economies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12320851","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12320851","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of African economies","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.666700005531311,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978803721","https://openalex.org/W1601181570","https://openalex.org/W2323673971","https://openalex.org/W2074923463","https://openalex.org/W2985122456","https://openalex.org/W3149080514","https://openalex.org/W4297683888","https://openalex.org/W2580765970","https://openalex.org/W2604097249","https://openalex.org/W2898722122"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,58,114],"analyse":[1],"migration":[2,12,53,95],"from":[3],"farm":[4],"households":[5],"in":[6,26,42],"Kenya,":[7],"and":[8,67,73],"argue":[9],"that":[10,83,118,134],"many":[11],"decisions":[13,20,96],"should":[14],"be":[15,56],"regarded,":[16],"not":[17,109],"as":[18,23,46,75,77],"individual":[19],"but":[21],"rather":[22],"household":[24,33,49],"decisions,":[25],"which,":[27],"within":[28],"the":[29,32,84,98,148,152],"constraints":[30],"given,":[31],"decides":[34],"to":[35,47,55,111,146],"allocate":[36],"its":[37],"labour":[38],"force":[39],"among":[40],"activities":[41],"such":[43],"a":[44,60],"way":[45],"maximize":[48],"utility.":[50],"The":[51],"resulting":[52],"tends":[54],"circular.":[57],"use":[59],"probit":[61],"model":[62],"which":[63],"incorporates":[64],"this":[65],"feature,":[66],"also":[68,116],"takes":[69],"into":[70],"account":[71],"contacts":[72,122],"information,":[74],"well":[76],"indivisibilities.":[78],"Our":[79],"empirical":[80],"analysis":[81],"suggests":[82],"pull":[85],"of":[86,100,120,127,150,154],"high":[87],"urban":[88],"wages":[89],"is":[90,133,140,144],"much":[91],"more":[92],"important":[93,130],"for":[94],"than":[97],"push":[99],"land":[101],"scarcity.":[102],"A":[103],"buoyant":[104],"local":[105],"non-agricultural":[106],"economy":[107],"does":[108],"seem":[110],"restrict":[112],"migration.":[113,128,155],"have":[115,147],"found":[117],"networks":[119],"personal":[121],"are":[123],"highly":[124],"significant":[125],"determinants":[126],"One":[129],"policy":[131],"implication":[132],"rural":[135],"development,":[136],"desirable":[137],"though":[138],"it":[139],"on":[141],"other":[142],"grounds,":[143],"unlikely":[145],"effect":[149],"stemming":[151],"flow":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}