{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2024554132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.000321","title":"Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives on Corporate Organization","display_name":"Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives on Corporate Organization","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2024554132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.000321","mag":"2024554132"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.000321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.000321","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.000321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61274580","display_name":"Annual Review of Sociology","issn_l":"0360-0572","issn":["0360-0572","1545-2115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Sociology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016938225","display_name":"Neil Fligstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7049-6502","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7049-6502"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil Fligstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California 94305"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California 94305","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056846044","display_name":"Robert F. Freeland","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Freeland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10128"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10128","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.2114,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":280,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97709969,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"21","last_page":"43"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10785","display_name":"Economic Theory and Institutions","score":0.5151000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10785","display_name":"Economic Theory and Institutions","score":0.5151000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10344","display_name":"Management and Organizational Studies","score":0.26589998602867126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13057","display_name":"Asian Industrial and Economic Development","score":0.10890000313520432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"corporate governance","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-organization","display_name":"business organization","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutionalization","display_name":"institutionalization","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government-regulation","display_name":"government regulation","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property-rights","display_name":"property rights","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-elites","display_name":"national elites","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-economy-of-the-firm","display_name":"political economy of firms","score":0.6700000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.7039572596549988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164429055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2070165","display_name":"Institutionalisation","level":2,"score":0.6791232228279114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127576917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624630","display_name":"Competitor analysis","level":2,"score":0.6149126291275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5557801723480225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5430317521095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5400128960609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5072984099388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.48438578844070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4715195894241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.4462679922580719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.3785492777824402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.37816303968429565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.333370566368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.12851399183273315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.12214475870132446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09888860583305359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09097087383270264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.000321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.000321","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.000321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61274580","display_name":"Annual Review of Sociology","issn_l":"0360-0572","issn":["0360-0572","1545-2115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Sociology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.21.1.21","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.21.1.21","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.21.1.21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61274580","display_name":"Annual Review of Sociology","issn_l":"0360-0572","issn":["0360-0572","1545-2115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Sociology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:2188086273","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.000321","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.666700005531311,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W70394360","https://openalex.org/W85844224","https://openalex.org/W602843133","https://openalex.org/W1499268907","https://openalex.org/W1536280477","https://openalex.org/W1551653989","https://openalex.org/W1965278510","https://openalex.org/W1972306955","https://openalex.org/W1993663609","https://openalex.org/W1994059462","https://openalex.org/W1998034162","https://openalex.org/W2015930340","https://openalex.org/W2018944729","https://openalex.org/W2038568242","https://openalex.org/W2060827592","https://openalex.org/W2081654047","https://openalex.org/W2082948700","https://openalex.org/W2084583637","https://openalex.org/W2096237646","https://openalex.org/W2112847441","https://openalex.org/W2122753608","https://openalex.org/W2137358449","https://openalex.org/W2152398292","https://openalex.org/W2160184254","https://openalex.org/W2167061823","https://openalex.org/W2170790204","https://openalex.org/W2306299242","https://openalex.org/W2315151593","https://openalex.org/W2323273425","https://openalex.org/W2323414702","https://openalex.org/W2324018594","https://openalex.org/W2325110464","https://openalex.org/W2328534103","https://openalex.org/W2335126140","https://openalex.org/W2475621089","https://openalex.org/W2476668443","https://openalex.org/W2484074006","https://openalex.org/W2752617332","https://openalex.org/W2990362809","https://openalex.org/W3124140110","https://openalex.org/W3125349408","https://openalex.org/W3125604733","https://openalex.org/W3125898175"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2188086273","https://openalex.org/W1792849815","https://openalex.org/W7020293348","https://openalex.org/W4232362814","https://openalex.org/W2189598223","https://openalex.org/W1512178328","https://openalex.org/W1546444392","https://openalex.org/W7055639176","https://openalex.org/W2503681682","https://openalex.org/W2110482623"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,121],"study":[1],"of":[2,23,56,66,74,83,88,95,100,108,118,144,152],"corporate":[3],"governance":[4,16],"has":[5],"expanded":[6],"both":[7,37],"its":[8,11],"theoretical":[9],"and":[10,25,39,76,92,106,110,114,132],"empirical":[12],"scope.":[13],"We":[14],"define":[15],"broadly":[17],"to":[18,28,42],"include":[19],"the":[20,49,57,86,93,98,115,145,153],"social":[21,116],"organization":[22,117],"firms":[24],"their":[26,29,44],"relations":[27],"suppliers,":[30],"customers,":[31],"competitors,and":[32],"states.":[33],"This":[34,137],"review":[35,55],"examines":[36],"economic":[38],"sociological":[40],"theories":[41,122,146],"evaluate":[43],"efficacy":[45],"at":[46],"accounting":[47],"for":[48],"comparative":[50,58,157],"data":[51],"on":[52],"firms.":[53],"Our":[54],"literature":[59],"suggests":[60],"that":[61,77,96,123,128],"there":[62],"is":[63,79,138],"no":[64],"evidence":[65],"convergence":[67],"across":[68],"societies":[69],"toward":[70],"a":[71,81,139],"single":[72],"form":[73],"governance,":[75],"this":[78],"mainly":[80],"function":[82,124],"three":[84],"factors:":[85],"timing":[87],"entry":[89],"into":[90],"industrialization":[91],"institutionalization":[94],"process,":[97],"role":[99],"states":[101],"in":[102,155],"regulating":[103],"property":[104],"fights":[105],"rules":[107],"cooperation":[109],"competition":[111],"between":[112],"firms,":[113],"national":[119],"elites.":[120],"best":[125],"are":[126],"those":[127],"consider":[129],"political,":[130],"institutional,":[131],"evolutionary":[133],"factors":[134],"as":[135,142],"causal.":[136],"cautious":[140],"conclusion":[141],"many":[143],"have":[147],"not":[148],"been":[149],"evaluated":[150],"because":[151],"difficulty":[154],"producing":[156],"measures.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}