{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2024462452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3758/mc.36.2.438","title":"The effects of tests on learning and forgetting","display_name":"The effects of tests on learning and forgetting","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2024462452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3758/mc.36.2.438","mag":"2024462452","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18426072"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3758/mc.36.2.438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3758/mc.36.2.438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3758/mc.36.2.438","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758%2FMC.36.2.438.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S114265899","display_name":"Memory & Cognition","issn_l":"0090-502X","issn":["0090-502X","1532-5946"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Memory &amp; Cognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758%2FMC.36.2.438.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054322165","display_name":"Shana K. Carpenter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0784-9026","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0784-9026"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shana K. Carpenter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0109, USA. scarpenter@ucsd.edu","Department of Psychology 0109, University of California, La Jolla"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0109, USA. scarpenter@ucsd.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology 0109, University of California, La Jolla","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008952472","display_name":"Harold Pashler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3644-4909","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3644-4909"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harold Pashler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, 0109, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0109, La Jolla, CA","Department of Psychology 0109, University of California, La Jolla"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, 0109, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0109, La Jolla, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology 0109, University of California, La Jolla","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068581901","display_name":"John Timothy Wixted","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6282-5479","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6282-5479"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John T. Wixted","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, 0109, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0109, La Jolla, CA","Department of Psychology 0109, University of California, La Jolla"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, 0109, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0109, La Jolla, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology 0109, University of California, La Jolla","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090905459","display_name":"Edward Vul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6217-1273","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6217-1273"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Vul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, 0109, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0109, La Jolla, CA","Department of Psychology 0109, University of California, La Jolla"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, 0109, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0109, La Jolla, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology 0109, University of California, La Jolla","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054322165"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8011,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":282,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95504118,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"2","first_page":"438","last_page":"448"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13471","display_name":"Cognitive Functions and Memory","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testing-effect","display_name":"testing effect","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrieval-practice","display_name":"retrieval practice","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forgetting","display_name":"forgetting","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/restudying","display_name":"restudying","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-retention","display_name":"long-term retention","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-retrieval","display_name":"memory retrieval","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback","display_name":"feedback","score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-learning","display_name":"word learning","score":0.46399998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7149132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377840","display_name":"Forgetting","level":2,"score":0.954294741153717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7678027153015137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.6815442442893982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5538854002952576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99476002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42297","display_name":"Analysis of variance","level":2,"score":0.542119562625885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95012187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6917862","display_name":"Motivated forgetting","level":3,"score":0.5046354532241821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14606030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316945","display_name":"Retrieval-induced forgetting","level":3,"score":0.4975321590900421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4660758972167969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.21360230445861816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07887950539588928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003210","descriptor_name":"Concept Formation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010153","descriptor_name":"Paired-Associate Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011214","descriptor_name":"Practice, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011939","descriptor_name":"Mental Recall","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012153","descriptor_name":"Retention, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014706","descriptor_name":"Verbal Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3758/mc.36.2.438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3758/mc.36.2.438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3758/mc.36.2.438","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758%2FMC.36.2.438.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S114265899","display_name":"Memory & Cognition","issn_l":"0090-502X","issn":["0090-502X","1532-5946"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Memory &amp; Cognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18426072","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18426072","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Memory & cognition","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.408.8718","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.408.8718","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.pashler.com/Articles/carpenter.et.al _MC2008.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.423.5774","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.423.5774","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://wixtedlab.ucsd.edu/publications/wixted2/The_effects_of_tests.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.972.3183","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.972.3183","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://laplab.ucsd.edu/articles/carpenter_etal_inpress_memcog.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3758/mc.36.2.438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3758/mc.36.2.438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3758/mc.36.2.438","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758%2FMC.36.2.438.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S114265899","display_name":"Memory & Cognition","issn_l":"0090-502X","issn":["0090-502X","1532-5946"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Memory &amp; Cognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2024462452.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2024462452.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39615922","https://openalex.org/W1590740539","https://openalex.org/W1706578850","https://openalex.org/W1849307652","https://openalex.org/W1889619166","https://openalex.org/W1965008498","https://openalex.org/W1966325275","https://openalex.org/W1966350061","https://openalex.org/W1966567975","https://openalex.org/W1968155696","https://openalex.org/W1969011887","https://openalex.org/W1969519340","https://openalex.org/W1976895497","https://openalex.org/W1986034383","https://openalex.org/W1992982380","https://openalex.org/W2001308469","https://openalex.org/W2003694546","https://openalex.org/W2004612750","https://openalex.org/W2006312833","https://openalex.org/W2010840770","https://openalex.org/W2016509570","https://openalex.org/W2016760966","https://openalex.org/W2017433125","https://openalex.org/W2029507764","https://openalex.org/W2032885582","https://openalex.org/W2033158377","https://openalex.org/W2034769671","https://openalex.org/W2040882980","https://openalex.org/W2041340755","https://openalex.org/W2043167474","https://openalex.org/W2054137409","https://openalex.org/W2056068953","https://openalex.org/W2060350738","https://openalex.org/W2072510305","https://openalex.org/W2073250947","https://openalex.org/W2073855993","https://openalex.org/W2074386933","https://openalex.org/W2077661760","https://openalex.org/W2079539902","https://openalex.org/W2082785772","https://openalex.org/W2084883066","https://openalex.org/W2104671973","https://openalex.org/W2109658500","https://openalex.org/W2133705455","https://openalex.org/W2137377708","https://openalex.org/W2140054227","https://openalex.org/W2140172821","https://openalex.org/W2144489531","https://openalex.org/W2148354545","https://openalex.org/W2151347365","https://openalex.org/W2153875478","https://openalex.org/W2154663451","https://openalex.org/W2159480120","https://openalex.org/W2163569782","https://openalex.org/W2325352378","https://openalex.org/W2498962377","https://openalex.org/W2502894192","https://openalex.org/W2767557879","https://openalex.org/W2989849448","https://openalex.org/W3001121025","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6603287896"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098577398","https://openalex.org/W2163569782","https://openalex.org/W7095341868","https://openalex.org/W2079539902","https://openalex.org/W2090672960","https://openalex.org/W6925134020","https://openalex.org/W2006312833","https://openalex.org/W3015427550","https://openalex.org/W1983949956","https://openalex.org/W2010348649"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
