{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2023300950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1993.03510240098041","title":"The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain 1700-1900","display_name":"The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain 1700-1900","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2023300950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1993.03510240098041","mag":"2023300950"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510240098041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1993.03510240098041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1993.03510240098041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172573765","display_name":"JAMA","issn_l":"0002-9955","issn":["0002-9955","0098-7484","1538-3598","2376-8118"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110101964","display_name":"Carl Compton Bell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carl C. Bell","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110101964"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5017,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65518061,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"270","issue":"24","first_page":"2982","last_page":"2982"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12666","display_name":"Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12666","display_name":"Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12854","display_name":"Neurology and Historical Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-psychiatry","display_name":"history of psychiatry","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-disorders","display_name":"mental illness","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asylum","display_name":"asylum","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutionalization-of-the-mentally-ill","display_name":"institutionalization of the mentally ill","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workhouses","display_name":"workhouses","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prisons","display_name":"prisons","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospitals","display_name":"hospitals","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health-reform","display_name":"mental health reform","score":0.6510000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019946834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12135","display_name":"Mentally ill","level":4,"score":0.8321796655654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6828544735908508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6303014159202576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168982282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929784","display_name":"Poorhouse","level":2,"score":0.5223823189735413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.42720767855644226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.420291006565094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.41720956563949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2528645992279053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776674806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12135","display_name":"Mental illness","level":3,"score":0.18171599507331848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1023993194103241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510240098041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1993.03510240098041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1993.03510240098041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172573765","display_name":"JAMA","issn_l":"0002-9955","issn":["0002-9955","0098-7484","1538-3598","2376-8118"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2009002936","https://openalex.org/W4250424352","https://openalex.org/W2495180113","https://openalex.org/W2798459337","https://openalex.org/W619316716","https://openalex.org/W4251884642","https://openalex.org/W4255937495","https://openalex.org/W4238690113","https://openalex.org/W2480916780","https://openalex.org/W2013260474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"text":[1],"seeks":[2],"to":[3,23,60,71,102,107,141,144],"document":[4],"the":[5,9,12,20,24,47,61,64,68,76,91,100,125,145],"historical":[6],"reasons":[7],"for":[8],"shift":[10],"from":[11,46,83],"medieval":[13,54],"British":[14],"societal":[15],"response":[16],"of":[17,27,63],"not":[18,95],"segregating":[19],"mentally":[21,65,92],"ill":[22,93],"19th-century":[25],"practice":[26],"patients":[28],"being":[29],"\"incarcerated":[30],"in":[31,85,128],"a":[32,109,116,120],"specialized,":[33],"bureaucratically":[34],"organized,":[35],"state-supported":[36],"asylum":[37],"system":[38],"which":[39],"isolated":[40,82],"them":[41,104],"both":[42],"physically":[43],"and":[44,67,88,111,124],"symbolically":[45],"larger":[48],"society.\"":[49],"The":[50,132],"author":[51],"notes":[52],"that":[53],"England":[55],"had":[56,70],"an":[57],"unsystematic":[58],"approach":[59],"care":[62],"ill,":[66],"state":[69],"take":[72],"more":[73],"control.":[74],"In":[75,118],"18th":[77],"century":[78],"these":[79,98],"individuals":[80],"were":[81,130],"society":[84],"workhouses,":[86],"prisons,":[87],"hospitals.":[89],"Since":[90,148],"did":[94],"fit":[96],"into":[97],"settings,":[99],"desire":[101],"separate":[103],"out":[105],"began":[106],"be":[108],"priority,":[110],"they":[112],"became":[113],"identified":[114],"as":[115],"market.":[117],"1815":[119],"parliamentary":[121],"inquiry":[122],"began,":[123],"bad":[126],"conditions":[127],"asylums":[129],"exposed.":[131],"first":[133],"attempt":[134],"at":[135],"passing":[136],"reform":[137],"bills":[138],"failed":[139],"owing":[140],"their":[142],"threat":[143],"\"mad\"":[146],"business.":[147],"local":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}