{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2022375482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-6841.2004.00079.x","title":"The Ecology of Racial Discrimination","display_name":"The Ecology of Racial Discrimination","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-08-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2022375482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-6841.2004.00079.x","mag":"2022375482"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1535-6841.2004.00079.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-6841.2004.00079.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-6841.2004.00079.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161221444","display_name":"City and Community","issn_l":"1535-6841","issn":["1535-6841","1540-6040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"City &amp; Community","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102757955","display_name":"Mary J. Fischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8968-1532","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8968-1532"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary J. Fischer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University;\u2003Email: mary.fischer@uconn.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University;\u2003Email: mary.fischer@uconn.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145","https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076063035","display_name":"Douglas S. Massey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0109-522X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0109-522X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas S. Massey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.89,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":95,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97043393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"3","first_page":"221","last_page":"241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12970","display_name":"Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research","score":0.0203000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-discrimination","display_name":"racial discrimination","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/housing-discrimination","display_name":"housing discrimination","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-americans","display_name":"African Americans","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rental-housing","display_name":"rental housing","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-english-vernacular","display_name":"Black English Vernacular","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/auditors","display_name":"auditors","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residential-segregation","display_name":"residential segregation","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suburbanization","display_name":"suburbanization","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philadelphia-metropolitan-area","display_name":"Philadelphia metropolitan area","score":0.4180000126361847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.7142684459686279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109167261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421955","display_name":"Fell","level":2,"score":0.6319159865379333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780386941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1036511","display_name":"Vernacular","level":2,"score":0.6008147597312927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.5743672251701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.5471367835998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85502023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157171","display_name":"Renting","level":2,"score":0.4681691527366638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.45009148120880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.4206530451774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.37986284494400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3062058389186859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.29196682572364807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2782723307609558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2536156177520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1666003167629242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.10657688975334167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.10360440611839294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.10146793723106384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.09276509284973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1535-6841.2004.00079.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-6841.2004.00079.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-6841.2004.00079.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161221444","display_name":"City and Community","issn_l":"1535-6841","issn":["1535-6841","1540-6040"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"City &amp; Community","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W195054157","https://openalex.org/W259560250","https://openalex.org/W1487766560","https://openalex.org/W1521746401","https://openalex.org/W1599956907","https://openalex.org/W1969983454","https://openalex.org/W1989753893","https://openalex.org/W1991041517","https://openalex.org/W1994411301","https://openalex.org/W1997401445","https://openalex.org/W2001665854","https://openalex.org/W2003351713","https://openalex.org/W2003733885","https://openalex.org/W2013369049","https://openalex.org/W2027066483","https://openalex.org/W2048997738","https://openalex.org/W2080951607","https://openalex.org/W2082814186","https://openalex.org/W2094419105","https://openalex.org/W2140695475","https://openalex.org/W2141106202","https://openalex.org/W2152972898","https://openalex.org/W2155980578","https://openalex.org/W2339740280","https://openalex.org/W2412786916","https://openalex.org/W2484618867","https://openalex.org/W2566933209","https://openalex.org/W2725291482","https://openalex.org/W3124845583","https://openalex.org/W4233551533","https://openalex.org/W4300006923"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001665854","https://openalex.org/W2312369817","https://openalex.org/W7087135758","https://openalex.org/W7002021423","https://openalex.org/W2003351713","https://openalex.org/W2090033163","https://openalex.org/W2054212804","https://openalex.org/W2006476480","https://openalex.org/W28964026","https://openalex.org/W2059190882"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"article":[2],"we":[3,37],"build":[4],"on":[5,29],"prior":[6,25],"studies":[7,57],"that":[8,106,178,188],"have":[9,180],"used":[10],"audit":[11,56],"methods":[12],"to":[13,39,87,111,159,173,176,205],"document":[14],"continued":[15],"discrimination":[16],"against":[17],"African":[18],"Americans":[19],"in":[20,33,62,67,137,186,191],"U.S.":[21],"housing":[22,34,60],"markets.":[23],"Whereas":[24],"work":[26],"focused":[27],"primarily":[28],"measuring":[30],"racial":[31],"disparities":[32],"access,":[35],"here":[36],"seek":[38],"determine":[40],"which":[41],"personal,":[42],"ecological,":[43],"and":[44,76,82,100,143,207],"agent":[45],"factors":[46],"raise":[47],"or":[48,185],"lower":[49,136,157],"discrimination.":[50],"Our":[51],"data":[52],"come":[53],"from":[54,148,199],"phone\u2010based":[55],"of":[58,70,74,79,92,117,183,193],"rental":[59],"offered":[61],"the":[63,68,72,77,90,118,122,140],"Philadelphia":[64],"metropolitan":[65],"market":[66],"spring":[69,78],"1999,":[71],"fall":[73],"2000,":[75],"2002.":[80],"Male":[81],"female":[83],"auditors":[84,116],"called":[85],"listings":[86],"inquire":[88],"about":[89],"availability":[91],"units":[93,160],"using":[94],"white":[95],"middle\u2010class":[96],"English,":[97,99],"black\u2010accented":[98,131],"Black":[101,126],"English":[102,127],"Vernacular.":[103],"Results":[104],"show":[105],"whites":[107],"are":[108,170,189],"more":[109,171],"likely":[110,172],"be":[112],"favored":[113],"over":[114],"black":[115,123,151,194,200],"same":[119],"gender":[120],"when":[121],"auditor":[124],"speaks":[125],"Vernacular":[128],"compared":[129],"with":[130],"English.":[132],"Access":[133],"was":[134],"also":[135],"suburbs":[138],"than":[139,166],"central":[141],"city":[142],"it":[144],"decreased":[145],"as":[146],"distance":[147],"a":[149],"predominantly":[150],"neighborhood":[152],"fell.":[153],"Blacks":[154,169],"experienced":[155],"much":[156],"access":[158,175],"marketed":[161],"by":[162],"private":[163],"landlords":[164],"rather":[165],"professional":[167],"agents.":[168],"gain":[174],"areas":[177,187],"already":[179],"high":[181],"concentrations":[182],"blacks":[184],"not":[190],"danger":[192],"encroachment":[195],"(i.e.,":[196],"further":[197],"away":[198],"concentrations).":[201],"These":[202],"mechanisms":[203],"serve":[204],"reinforce":[206],"replicate":[208],"segregation.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
