{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2021471957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.41001","title":"Cognitive Retroactive Transfer (CRT) of Language Skills among Trilingual Arabic-Hebrew and English Learners","display_name":"Cognitive Retroactive Transfer (CRT) of Language Skills among Trilingual Arabic-Hebrew and English Learners","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2021471957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.41001","mag":"2021471957"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4236/ojml.2014.41001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.41001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.41001","pdf_url":"http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=42870","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764910743","display_name":"Open Journal of Modern Linguistics","issn_l":"2164-2818","issn":["2164-2818","2164-2834"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Journal of Modern Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=42870","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000502477","display_name":"Salim Abu\u2010Rabia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1035-5641","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1035-5641"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91203450","display_name":"University of Haifa","ror":"https://ror.org/02f009v59","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91203450"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salim Abu-Rabia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Education , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel","University of Haifa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Education , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91203450"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Haifa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91203450"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016195322","display_name":"Wael Shakkour","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91203450","display_name":"University of Haifa","ror":"https://ror.org/02f009v59","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91203450"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wael Shakkour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91203450"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91203450"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4022,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91193409,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"04","issue":"01","first_page":"1","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.7095000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.7095000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.14480000734329224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.08839999884366989,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-transfer","display_name":"language transfer","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trilingualism","display_name":"trilingualism","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-as-a-third-language","display_name":"English as a third language","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-skills","display_name":"reading skills","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/writing-skills","display_name":"writing skills","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthographic-knowledge","display_name":"orthographic knowledge","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phonological-awareness","display_name":"phonological awareness","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphological-awareness","display_name":"morphological awareness","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntactic-awareness","display_name":"syntactic awareness","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"reading comprehension","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-accuracy","display_name":"reading accuracy","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/struggling-readers","display_name":"struggling readers","score":0.593999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91304198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9288","display_name":"Hebrew","level":2,"score":0.7745385766029358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.7485566139221191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132165367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34049","display_name":"Semitic languages","level":3,"score":0.7284256219863892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.6348075866699219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6293822526931763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5278242230415344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.5079103112220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777938197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834022","display_name":"Transfer of training","level":2,"score":0.4912683367729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.47922852635383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114010052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150352","display_name":"Foreign language","level":2,"score":0.46438491344451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.43073466420173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.18736925721168518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.12292742729187012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4236/ojml.2014.41001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.41001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.41001","pdf_url":"http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=42870","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764910743","display_name":"Open Journal of Modern Linguistics","issn_l":"2164-2818","issn":["2164-2818","2164-2834"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Journal of Modern Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4236/ojml.2014.41001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.41001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.41001","pdf_url":"http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=42870","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764910743","display_name":"Open Journal of Modern Linguistics","issn_l":"2164-2818","issn":["2164-2818","2164-2834"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Journal of Modern Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7567999958992004}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2021471957.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2021471957.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":123,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16086555","https://openalex.org/W41313030","https://openalex.org/W98637569","https://openalex.org/W103472576","https://openalex.org/W125169293","https://openalex.org/W187682172","https://openalex.org/W205731753","https://openalex.org/W206816863","https://openalex.org/W209952868","https://openalex.org/W581786925","https://openalex.org/W593405260","https://openalex.org/W622382977","https://openalex.org/W1482253255","https://openalex.org/W1484663152","https://openalex.org/W1501218279","https://openalex.org/W1516424854","https://openalex.org/W1527227474","https://openalex.org/W1540276728","https://openalex.org/W1549285350","https://openalex.org/W1557011338","https://openalex.org/W1568441772","https://openalex.org/W1577177775","https://openalex.org/W1591354983","https://openalex.org/W1592147221","https://openalex.org/W1596882232","https://openalex.org/W1600487656","https://openalex.org/W1605263478","https://openalex.org/W1612272928","https://openalex.org/W1748884014","https://openalex.org/W1755403879","https://openalex.org/W1797985737","https://openalex.org/W1913670219","https://openalex.org/W1916388024","https://openalex.org/W1945998087","https://openalex.org/W1966805299","https://openalex.org/W1968607186","https://openalex.org/W1969836206","https://openalex.org/W1972143595","https://openalex.org/W1972736004","https://openalex.org/W1974162964","https://openalex.org/W1977721504","https://openalex.org/W1981243492","https://openalex.org/W1981936706","https://openalex.org/W1987107327","https://openalex.org/W1987670788","https://openalex.org/W1988575091","https://openalex.org/W1990940602","https://openalex.org/W1996396065","https://openalex.org/W2003165725","https://openalex.org/W2007144095","https://openalex.org/W2009335464","https://openalex.org/W2009731022","https://openalex.org/W2011208654","https://openalex.org/W2013940504","https://openalex.org/W2017882668","https://openalex.org/W2021179973","https://openalex.org/W2021609983","https://openalex.org/W2022122647","https://openalex.org/W2022829511","https://openalex.org/W2026758223","https://openalex.org/W2030450498","https://openalex.org/W2031124405","https://openalex.org/W2031496499","https://openalex.org/W2036645189","https://openalex.org/W2037109686","https://openalex.org/W2038969042","https://openalex.org/W2044844394","https://openalex.org/W2049826494","https://openalex.org/W2050052595","https://openalex.org/W2053309771","https://openalex.org/W2060744621","https://openalex.org/W2063103439","https://openalex.org/W2063461384","https://openalex.org/W2064496905","https://openalex.org/W2068731352","https://openalex.org/W2068856444","https://openalex.org/W2069473971","https://openalex.org/W2069586349","https://openalex.org/W2070480478","https://openalex.org/W2073910028","https://openalex.org/W2075934247","https://openalex.org/W2082871222","https://openalex.org/W2084669359","https://openalex.org/W2084812119","https://openalex.org/W2088650063","https://openalex.org/W2089722833","https://openalex.org/W2094922466","https://openalex.org/W2095346245","https://openalex.org/W2102077921","https://openalex.org/W2102228322","https://openalex.org/W2103070508","https://openalex.org/W2108836181","https://openalex.org/W2112092185","https://openalex.org/W2116350887","https://openalex.org/W2116539137","https://openalex.org/W2117110246","https://openalex.org/W2117404433","https://openalex.org/W2131785404","https://openalex.org/W2132391611","https://openalex.org/W2133781616","https://openalex.org/W2135297112","https://openalex.org/W2136525752","https://openalex.org/W2136677625","https://openalex.org/W2137126994","https://openalex.org/W2137672528","https://openalex.org/W2139440857","https://openalex.org/W2143833911","https://openalex.org/W2153017968","https://openalex.org/W2155052093","https://openalex.org/W2156409274","https://openalex.org/W2157372665","https://openalex.org/W2157763132","https://openalex.org/W2242176305","https://openalex.org/W2268817297","https://openalex.org/W2322973656","https://openalex.org/W2501172977","https://openalex.org/W2625276738","https://openalex.org/W2884732173","https://openalex.org/W2944757060","https://openalex.org/W3029424708","https://openalex.org/W3041249270","https://openalex.org/W4235534485","https://openalex.org/W4251292923"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990940602","https://openalex.org/W3153779959","https://openalex.org/W1987670788","https://openalex.org/W4405921344","https://openalex.org/W4327494577","https://openalex.org/W3138023584","https://openalex.org/W4309443624","https://openalex.org/W4396714684","https://openalex.org/W2050163817","https://openalex.org/W6925072158"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,125],"examined":[2],"whether":[3],"helping":[4],"poor":[5],"readers":[6],"improve":[7],"their":[8],"reading":[9,74,77],"and":[10,35,46,62,76,82,103,120,136],"writing":[11],"language":[12,20],"skills":[13,31,40,122],"in":[14,28,32,79,93,97,112,117,123,134,142],"English":[15],"as":[16],"a":[17,109],"third":[18],"language/foreign":[19],"(L3/FL)":[21],"would":[22],"also":[23],"bring":[24],"about":[25],"an":[26,90],"improvement":[27,111],"those":[29],"same":[30],"Arabic":[33,98,135],"(L1)":[34],"Hebrew":[36],"(L2).":[37],"Transferring":[38],"linguistic":[39,119],"from":[41],"L3/FL":[42],"to":[43,59],"both":[44,101],"L1":[45],"L2":[47],"is":[48],"termed":[49],"\u201cCognitive":[50],"Retroactive":[51],"Transfer\u201d":[52],"(CRT).":[53],"A":[54],"battery":[55],"of":[56,144],"tests,":[57],"administered":[58],"the":[60,105,113,128,145],"experiment":[61],"control":[63],"groups,":[64],"assessed":[65],"orthographic":[66,132],"knowledge,":[67],"phonological":[68],"awareness,":[69,71,73],"morphological":[70],"syntactic":[72],"accuracy":[75],"comprehension":[78],"English,":[80,94],"Arabic,":[81],"Hebrew.":[83,137],"The":[84,138],"treatment":[85,114],"group":[86],"was":[87],"provided":[88],"with":[89],"intervention":[91],"program":[92],"but":[95],"not":[96],"or":[99],"Hebrew,":[100],"before":[102],"after":[104,127],"experiment.":[106],"Findings":[107],"indicated":[108],"significant":[110],"group\u2019s":[115],"achievements":[116],"all":[118,124],"meta-linguistic":[121],"languages":[126],"intervention,":[129],"except":[130],"for":[131],"knowledge":[133],"results":[139],"are":[140],"discussed":[141],"light":[143],"international":[146],"data.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
