{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2021443299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072493","title":"Representation of the Quantity of Visual Items in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex","display_name":"Representation of the Quantity of Visual Items in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2021443299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072493","mag":"2021443299","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12215649"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.1072493","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057732880","display_name":"Andreas Nieder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6381-0375","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6381-0375"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Nieder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Picower Center for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Picower Center for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066814691","display_name":"David J. Freedman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2485-5981","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2485-5981"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David J. Freedman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Picower Center for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Picower Center for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084251670","display_name":"Earl K. Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-6958","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-6958"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Earl K. Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Picower Center for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Picower Center for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057732880"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":44.6022,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":722,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99920876,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"297","issue":"5587","first_page":"1708","last_page":"1711"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/number-sense","display_name":"number sense","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lateral-prefrontal-cortex","display_name":"lateral prefrontal cortex","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-discrimination","display_name":"number discrimination","score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-distance-effect","display_name":"numerical distance effect","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primate-neurophysiology","display_name":"primate neurophysiology","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-cognition","display_name":"numerical cognition","score":0.3889999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.8105297088623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","level":3,"score":0.7268707752227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.7038429379463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75785","display_name":"Visual cortex","level":2,"score":0.5609531402587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780509455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380","display_name":"Primate","level":2,"score":0.5375949740409851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776058522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364768","display_name":"Visual field","level":2,"score":0.44662904739379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44409996271133423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777348757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2346577","display_name":"Cortex (anatomy)","level":2,"score":0.43191832304000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4172733426094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38497719168663025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3811068832874298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37801456451416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3776361644268036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.3501845896244049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.16767293214797974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008253","descriptor_name":"Macaca mulatta","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008433","descriptor_name":"Mathematics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010296","descriptor_name":"Parietal Lobe","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013850","descriptor_name":"Thinking","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014794","descriptor_name":"Visual Fields","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017397","descriptor_name":"Prefrontal Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000166","qualifier_name":"cytology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017397","descriptor_name":"Prefrontal Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.1072493","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12215649","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12215649","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524855937","https://openalex.org/W1823083991","https://openalex.org/W1893875839","https://openalex.org/W1966438747","https://openalex.org/W1972568416","https://openalex.org/W1975981650","https://openalex.org/W1976681406","https://openalex.org/W1998763744","https://openalex.org/W2001388526","https://openalex.org/W2038862284","https://openalex.org/W2047221591","https://openalex.org/W2060971741","https://openalex.org/W2072406708","https://openalex.org/W2085848071","https://openalex.org/W2119537639","https://openalex.org/W2127408360","https://openalex.org/W2137287957","https://openalex.org/W2157788623","https://openalex.org/W2158418720","https://openalex.org/W2159733978","https://openalex.org/W2162948235"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003045401","https://openalex.org/W2317603320","https://openalex.org/W7100245130","https://openalex.org/W2206334422","https://openalex.org/W2012130811","https://openalex.org/W1999949014","https://openalex.org/W3023892588","https://openalex.org/W1970258612","https://openalex.org/W2090042416","https://openalex.org/W2001037931"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deriving":[0],"the":[1,24,32,42,47,86],"quantity":[2,26,39,87],"of":[3,9,27,41,46,69,88],"items":[4,91],"is":[5],"an":[6],"abstract":[7],"form":[8],"categorization.":[10],"To":[11],"explore":[12],"it,":[13],"monkeys":[14],"were":[15,36],"trained":[16],"to":[17,94],"judge":[18],"whether":[19],"successive":[20],"visual":[21,89],"displays":[22],"contained":[23],"same":[25],"items.":[28],"Many":[29],"neurons":[30],"in":[31],"lateral":[33],"prefrontal":[34],"cortex":[35],"tuned":[37],"for":[38],"irrespective":[40],"exact":[43],"physical":[44],"appearance":[45],"displays.":[48],"Their":[49],"tuning":[50],"curves":[51],"formed":[52],"overlapping":[53],"filters,":[54],"which":[55],"may":[56],"explain":[57],"why":[58,67],"behavioral":[59],"discrimination":[60,68],"improves":[61],"with":[62,72],"increasing":[63],"numerical":[64,74,79,96],"distance":[65,75],"and":[66],"two":[70],"quantities":[71],"equal":[73],"worsens":[76],"as":[77],"their":[78],"size":[80],"increases.":[81],"A":[82],"mechanism":[83],"that":[84],"extracts":[85],"field":[90],"could":[92],"contribute":[93],"general":[95],"ability.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":35}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
