{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020976039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.404100","title":"Local Protectionism and Regional Specialization: Evidence from China's Industries","display_name":"Local Protectionism and Regional Specialization: Evidence from China's Industries","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020976039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.404100","mag":"2020976039"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.404100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.404100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.404100","pdf_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=404100","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=404100","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111502834","display_name":"Chong\u2010En Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0806-424X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0806-424X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chong-En Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Hong Kong - School of Economics and Finance, 8th Floor Kennedy Town Centre, 23 Belcher's Street, Kennedy Town, Hong Kong","University of Michigan - William Davidson Institute, 724 E. University Ave., Wyly Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1234, United States","University of Michigan - William Davidson Institute","The University of Hong Kong - School of Economics and Finance"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong - School of Economics and Finance, 8th Floor Kennedy Town Centre, 23 Belcher's Street, Kennedy Town, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan - William Davidson Institute, 724 E. University Ave., Wyly Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1234, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan - William Davidson Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong - School of Economics and Finance","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045841502","display_name":"Yingjuan Du","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjuan Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Hong Kong - School of Business, Meng Wah Complex, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China","The University of Hong Kong - School of Business"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong - School of Business, Meng Wah Complex, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong - School of Business","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101941504","display_name":"Zhigang Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6041-1210","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6041-1210"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhigang Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Hong Kong - School of Business, Meng Wah Complex, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China","The University of Hong Kong - School of Business"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong - School of Business, Meng Wah Complex, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong - School of Business","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100849380","display_name":"Sarah Y. Tong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405277516","display_name":"East Asian Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02ze14829","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405277516"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Y. Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore (NUS) - Department of Economics, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119077, Malaysia","National University of Singapore (NUS) - East Asian Institute, 469A Bukit Timah Road, Tower Block #06-01, Singapore, Singapore 259770, Singapore","National University of Singapore (NUS) - East Asian Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore (NUS) - Department of Economics, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119077, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore (NUS) - East Asian Institute, 469A Bukit Timah Road, Tower Block #06-01, Singapore, Singapore 259770, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I4405277516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore (NUS) - East Asian Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I4405277516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111502834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis","score":0.88919997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis","score":0.88919997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14051","display_name":"Regional Economic and Spatial Analysis","score":0.08169999718666077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10628","display_name":"China's Socioeconomic Reforms and Governance","score":0.009800000116229057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-protectionism","display_name":"local protectionism","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-specialization","display_name":"regional specialization","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-agglomeration","display_name":"spatial agglomeration","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-ownership","display_name":"state ownership","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economies-of-scale","display_name":"economies of scale","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-location","display_name":"industrial location","score":0.621999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22241219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179073","display_name":"Protectionism","level":2,"score":0.9399886727333069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.7438458204269409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.5454405546188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5396601557731628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.5267269611358643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4851318299770355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.464230477809906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.45616844296455383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29321873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5970087","display_name":"Economies of scale","level":2,"score":0.45000413060188293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40605704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3615000","display_name":"Shift-share analysis","level":2,"score":0.4481722414493561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.4421563446521759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.35319003462791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.20829495787620544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16806408762931824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.09679290652275085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.404100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.404100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.404100","pdf_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=404100","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.404100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.404100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.404100","pdf_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=404100","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7257999777793884},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.47620001435279846}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2020976039.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2020976039.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W634404914","https://openalex.org/W1513566194","https://openalex.org/W1565180007","https://openalex.org/W1597670196","https://openalex.org/W1966939250","https://openalex.org/W1978991631","https://openalex.org/W1979132028","https://openalex.org/W1987226780","https://openalex.org/W2008134822","https://openalex.org/W2018527830","https://openalex.org/W2020976039","https://openalex.org/W2025610165","https://openalex.org/W2036762886","https://openalex.org/W2049354499","https://openalex.org/W2066449600","https://openalex.org/W2097599886","https://openalex.org/W2119535468","https://openalex.org/W2158375968","https://openalex.org/W2290394933","https://openalex.org/W2315587525","https://openalex.org/W2327194587","https://openalex.org/W2333181408","https://openalex.org/W2752710160","https://openalex.org/W2889670969","https://openalex.org/W2891529358","https://openalex.org/W2892005447","https://openalex.org/W3124458895","https://openalex.org/W3125671994","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7101177323","https://openalex.org/W7099375498","https://openalex.org/W7095555084","https://openalex.org/W1568545870","https://openalex.org/W2169338235","https://openalex.org/W7098469982","https://openalex.org/W1866986790","https://openalex.org/W1516602248","https://openalex.org/W2775355196","https://openalex.org/W2077007879"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
