{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020974964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1554-4567.1062","title":"The Language of Conviction and the Convictions of Certainty: Is 'Sure' an Impossible Standard of Proof?","display_name":"The Language of Conviction and the Convictions of Certainty: Is 'Sure' an Impossible Standard of Proof?","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020974964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1554-4567.1062","mag":"2020974964"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2202/1554-4567.1062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1554-4567.1062","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1554-4567.1062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170298539","display_name":"International Commentary on Evidence","issn_l":"1554-4567","issn":["1554-4567","2194-5691"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Commentary on Evidence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081576052","display_name":"Chris Heffer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0922-5807","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0922-5807"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chris N Heffer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081576052"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2634,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94738678,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13583","display_name":"Jury Decision Making Processes","score":0.5976999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13583","display_name":"Jury Decision Making Processes","score":0.5976999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14115","display_name":"Legal processes and jurisprudence","score":0.3970000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-of-proof","display_name":"standard of proof","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-conviction","display_name":"criminal conviction","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jury-instructions","display_name":"jury instructions","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beyond-a-reasonable-doubt","display_name":"beyond a reasonable doubt","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mock-jurors","display_name":"mock jurors","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judicial-language","display_name":"judicial language","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-criminal-procedure","display_name":"English criminal procedure","score":0.460999995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781222033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989174","display_name":"Convict","level":2,"score":0.8550952672958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7493553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520777","display_name":"Certainty","level":2,"score":0.7904709577560425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777278149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916183","display_name":"Conviction","level":2,"score":0.6570168137550354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5819955468177795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776283789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2905670","display_name":"Reasonable doubt","level":2,"score":0.5646417140960693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119350121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091134","display_name":"Commensurability (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5565556287765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5449884533882141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776119841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837675","display_name":"Jury","level":2,"score":0.5374942421913147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780922921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255189","display_name":"Paraphrase","level":2,"score":0.5182490348815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578692","display_name":"Commonwealth","level":2,"score":0.4238080084323883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3224443197250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.2966805398464203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.26997339725494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2307628095149994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18723788857460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2202/1554-4567.1062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1554-4567.1062","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2202/1554-4567.1062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170298539","display_name":"International Commentary on Evidence","issn_l":"1554-4567","issn":["1554-4567","2194-5691"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Commentary on Evidence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7202424713","https://openalex.org/W7130324757","https://openalex.org/W3177738696","https://openalex.org/W2791032876","https://openalex.org/W2130363430","https://openalex.org/W2059942436","https://openalex.org/W1974373642","https://openalex.org/W3019564062","https://openalex.org/W4402174191","https://openalex.org/W7014782915"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unlike":[0],"in":[1,18,85],"the":[2,22,28,31,38,50,87,109,121,137,142,159,166,179],"US":[3],"and":[4,20,131,141,173,176,188],"Commonwealth":[5],"jury":[6],"systems,":[7],"where":[8],"judges":[9],"give":[10],"defined":[11],"or":[12],"undefined":[13],"`beyond":[14],"reasonable":[15],"doubt'":[16],"instructions,":[17],"England":[19],"Wales":[21],"juries":[23],"are":[24],"normally":[25],"directed":[26],"by":[27],"judge":[29],"that":[30,62,90,100,108],"prosecution":[32],"must":[33],"make":[34],"them":[35],"sure":[36,70],"of":[37,46,49,53,66,105,120,124,136,145,152,163],"defendant's":[39],"guilt":[40],"before":[41],"they":[42],"can":[43],"convict.":[44,96],"Critics":[45],"this":[47],"paraphrase":[48],"criminal":[51,122],"standard":[52,123],"proof":[54],"have":[55],"adduced":[56],"studies":[57],"which":[58,182],"appear":[59],"to":[60,78,95],"show":[61],"a":[63,103,118,133,149,169],"high":[64],"proportion":[65],"mock":[67],"jurors":[68,91],"equate":[69],"with":[71],"100%":[72],"confidence.":[73,146],"Since":[74],"it":[75],"is":[76,115],"impossible":[77,112],"be":[79],"absolutely":[80],"certain":[81],"about":[82],"evidence":[83,140],"presented":[84],"court,":[86],"critics":[88],"claim":[89],"find":[92],"themselves":[93],"unable":[94],"This":[97],"paper":[98,167],"critiques":[99],"argument":[101],"from":[102,158],"number":[104],"angles,":[106],"showing":[107],"`sure":[110],"as":[111,154,156],"standard'":[113],"thesis":[114],"based":[116],"on":[117,126,132,148],"misconstrual":[119],"proof,":[125],"very":[127],"weak":[128],"empirical":[129],"evidence,":[130],"misconceived":[134],"notion":[135],"relation":[138],"between":[139,171,185],"linguistic":[143,186],"expression":[144,187],"Drawing":[147],"wide":[150],"range":[151],"fields,":[153],"well":[155],"data":[157],"author's":[160],"extensive":[161],"corpora":[162],"courtroom":[164],"transcripts,":[165],"draws":[168],"distinction":[170],"formal":[172],"functional":[174],"certainty":[175],"warns":[177],"against":[178],"conventional":[180],"wisdom":[181],"assumes":[183],"commensurability":[184],"numerical":[189],"measurement.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-21T07:43:02.447757","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
