{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020955650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.013695","title":"Image reconstruction for diffuse optical tomography using sparsity regularization and expectation-maximization algorithm","display_name":"Image reconstruction for diffuse optical tomography using sparsity regularization and expectation-maximization algorithm","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020955650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.013695","mag":"2020955650","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19550641"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.15.013695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.013695","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.013695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.013695","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nannan Cao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nannan Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Bryan Hall, Room 201, Campus Box 1127, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Bryan Hall, Room 201, Campus Box 1127, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031212309","display_name":"Arye Nehorai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9055-9865","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9055-9865","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8148-4665"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arye Nehorai","raw_affiliation_strings":["(, Washington University in St. Louis)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"(, Washington University in St. Louis)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072299998","display_name":"Mathews Jacob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6196-3933","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6196-3933"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathews Jacobs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"apc_paid":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"fwci":3.0787,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":109,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90312576,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"21","first_page":"13695","last_page":"13695"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11205","display_name":"Numerical methods in inverse problems","score":0.006000000052154064,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2610","display_name":"Mathematical Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffuse-optical-tomography","display_name":"diffuse optical tomography","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-reconstruction","display_name":"image reconstruction","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sparse-regularization","display_name":"sparse regularization","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/l1-regularization","display_name":"L1 regularization","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation-maximization-algorithm","display_name":"expectation-maximization algorithm","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tikhonov-regularization","display_name":"Tikhonov regularization","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/absorption-and-scattering-coefficients","display_name":"absorption and scattering coefficients","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"image resolution","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/level-set-method","display_name":"level set method","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simultaneous-iterative-reconstruction-technique","display_name":"simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique","score":0.9240000247955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152442038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2778212","display_name":"Tikhonov regularization","level":3,"score":0.9123924970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6464728713035583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.5988870859146118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5604346990585327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182081679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1275153","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","level":3,"score":0.5254727602005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48474714159965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145417883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275421","display_name":"Diffuse optical imaging","level":3,"score":0.45430809259414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.42450472712516785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.39380770921707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135252773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1567213","display_name":"Inverse problem","level":2,"score":0.3691849112510681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.328366219997406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2639597952365875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.10142320394515991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.07469666004180908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.15.013695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.013695","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.013695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19550641","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19550641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics express","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.15.013695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.013695","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.013695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1931446761","https://openalex.org/W1973638771","https://openalex.org/W1974515299","https://openalex.org/W1983420402","https://openalex.org/W1996657094","https://openalex.org/W2006849435","https://openalex.org/W2023915497","https://openalex.org/W2033106066","https://openalex.org/W2037453651","https://openalex.org/W2044103271","https://openalex.org/W2050973816","https://openalex.org/W2053742104","https://openalex.org/W2059651047","https://openalex.org/W2065200530","https://openalex.org/W2073371047","https://openalex.org/W2103519107","https://openalex.org/W2110505738","https://openalex.org/W2114070512","https://openalex.org/W2117853077","https://openalex.org/W2122315118","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2136005975","https://openalex.org/W2138837621","https://openalex.org/W2144255930","https://openalex.org/W2144636090","https://openalex.org/W2146571341","https://openalex.org/W2149846618","https://openalex.org/W2156256058","https://openalex.org/W2165411673","https://openalex.org/W2299343356"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7024820984","https://openalex.org/W2184094967","https://openalex.org/W2487578348","https://openalex.org/W175723963","https://openalex.org/W2289498849","https://openalex.org/W7017138949","https://openalex.org/W2005819206","https://openalex.org/W7146664046","https://openalex.org/W2050855072","https://openalex.org/W1989088429"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,129],"present":[1],"an":[2,108],"image":[3,21,52,109],"reconstruction":[4,22,110,140,154],"method":[5,111,132,162],"for":[6],"diffuse":[7],"optical":[8,38,82],"tomography":[9],"(DOT)":[10],"by":[11,112],"using":[12,125,133],"the":[13,33,37,50,57,66,74,78,81,86,104,114,118,126,139,146,167],"sparsity":[14],"regularization":[15,169],"and":[16,53,102,121,137,151,170],"expectation-maximization":[17,127],"(EM)":[18],"algorithm.":[19,128],"Typical":[20],"approaches":[23],"in":[24,49,71,174],"DOT":[25],"employ":[26],"Tikhonov-type":[27,168],"regularization,":[28,150],"which":[29],"imposes":[30],"restrictions":[31],"on":[32],"L(2)":[34],"norm":[35,116],"of":[36,80,117,142],"properties":[39,83],"(absorption/scattering":[40],"coefficients).":[41],"It":[42],"tends":[43],"to":[44,77],"cause":[45],"a":[46,61,93],"blurring":[47],"effect":[48],"reconstructed":[51],"works":[54],"best":[55],"when":[56],"unknown":[58,119],"parameters":[59,120],"follow":[60],"Gaussian":[62],"distribution.":[63],"In":[64],"reality,":[65],"abnormality":[67],"is":[68,171],"often":[69],"localized":[70],"space.":[72],"Therefore,":[73],"vector":[75],"corresponding":[76],"change":[79],"compared":[84],"with":[85,91,145],"background":[87],"would":[88],"be":[89],"sparse":[90],"only":[92],"few":[94],"elements":[95],"being":[96],"nonzero.":[97],"To":[98],"incorporate":[99],"this":[100],"information":[101],"improve":[103],"performance,":[105],"we":[106],"propose":[107],"regularizing":[113],"L(1)":[115],"solve":[122],"it":[123],"iteratively":[124],"verify":[130],"our":[131,143,161],"simulated":[134],"3D":[135],"examples":[136],"compare":[138],"performance":[141],"approach":[144],"level-set":[147],"algorithm,":[148],"Tikhonov":[149],"simultaneous":[152],"iterative":[153],"technique":[155],"(SIRT).":[156],"Numerical":[157],"results":[158],"show":[159],"that":[160],"provides":[163],"better":[164],"resolution":[165],"than":[166],"also":[172],"efficient":[173],"estimating":[175],"two":[176],"closely":[177],"spaced":[178],"abnormalities.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
