{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020947746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02293.x","title":"Introduction\u2014Epileptogenic cortical dysplasia: Emerging trends in diagnosis, treatment, and pathogenesis","display_name":"Introduction\u2014Epileptogenic cortical dysplasia: Emerging trends in diagnosis, treatment, and pathogenesis","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020947746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02293.x","mag":"2020947746","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19761447"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02293.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02293.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02293.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203153751","display_name":"Epilepsia","issn_l":"0013-9580","issn":["0013-9580","1528-1157","1528-1167"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Epilepsia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059417834","display_name":"Frances E. Jensen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7844-5518","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7844-5518"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288882113","display_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvg7y05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Frances E. Jensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital and Program in Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. frances.jensen@childrens.harvard.edu","Department of Neurology, Children\u2019s Hospital and Program in Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital and Program in Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. frances.jensen@childrens.harvard.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Children\u2019s Hospital and Program in Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059417834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113","https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":{"value":4360,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4360},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5715,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81547502,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"s9","first_page":"1","last_page":"2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10094","display_name":"Epilepsy research and treatment","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10094","display_name":"Epilepsy research and treatment","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12049","display_name":"Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Research","score":0.021400000900030136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12552","display_name":"Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focal-cortical-dysplasia","display_name":"focal cortical dysplasia","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epileptogenicity","display_name":"epileptogenicity","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberous-sclerosis-complex","display_name":"tuberous sclerosis complex","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mtor-signaling","display_name":"mTOR signaling","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamartin","display_name":"hamartin","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberin","display_name":"tuberin","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balloon-cells","display_name":"balloon cells","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subependymal-giant-cell-astrocytoma","display_name":"subependymal giant cell astrocytoma","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism-spectrum-disorder","display_name":"autism spectrum disorder","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-resistant-epilepsy","display_name":"drug-resistant epilepsy","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cortical-development","display_name":"cortical development","score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutation","display_name":"genetic mutations","score":0.3580000102519989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777060296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1316942","display_name":"Cortical dysplasia","level":3,"score":0.810480535030365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780942790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372016","display_name":"Pathogenesis","level":2,"score":0.6263645887374878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.5931071639060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5043309926986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775894508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128996","display_name":"Dysplasia","level":2,"score":0.47770407795906067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992477034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83042","display_name":"Clinical neurology","level":2,"score":0.41293999552726746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778186239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41571","display_name":"Epilepsy","level":2,"score":0.4078851640224457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2856149673461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.27935367822647095}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002540","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002540","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004195","descriptor_name":"Disease Models, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004828","descriptor_name":"Epilepsies, Partial","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004828","descriptor_name":"Epilepsies, Partial","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004828","descriptor_name":"Epilepsies, Partial","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004828","descriptor_name":"Epilepsies, Partial","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014402","descriptor_name":"Tuberous Sclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014402","descriptor_name":"Tuberous Sclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014402","descriptor_name":"Tuberous Sclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019635","descriptor_name":"Neurosurgical Procedures","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054220","descriptor_name":"Malformations of Cortical Development","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054220","descriptor_name":"Malformations of Cortical Development","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054220","descriptor_name":"Malformations of Cortical Development","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02293.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02293.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02293.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203153751","display_name":"Epilepsia","issn_l":"0013-9580","issn":["0013-9580","1528-1157","1528-1167"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Epilepsia","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19761447","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19761447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Epilepsia","raw_type":"Introductory Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019610328","https://openalex.org/W2030230273","https://openalex.org/W2033442435","https://openalex.org/W2047385599","https://openalex.org/W2104591339","https://openalex.org/W2168142402"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2160609984","https://openalex.org/W4280597192","https://openalex.org/W2190962633","https://openalex.org/W1974035757","https://openalex.org/W2526680481","https://openalex.org/W1987001296","https://openalex.org/W3032296886","https://openalex.org/W4235103553","https://openalex.org/W2995543055","https://openalex.org/W4256395215"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Focal":[0],"cortical":[1,36,65,333,1076,1098],"dysplasias":[2,334,504,556,1172],"(FCDs)":[3],"are":[4,26,197,263,267,315,449,561,709,822,849,873,1107,1115,1159,1250],"a":[5,157,203,329,845,996,1144,1213],"common":[6,327],"cause":[7],"of":[8,20,87,92,104,120,161,168,170,206,238,244,257,296,312,332,502,523,555,585,604,627,633,640,695,706,718,723,733,790,796,825,836,840,902,926,934,954,957,984,1001,1010,1029,1052,1056,1073,1086,1093,1123,1137,1149,1157,1171,1220,1234,1256,1288,1327],"refractory":[9,666,1140],"epilepsy":[10,667,1141,1183],"in":[11,30,48,64,70,135,192,235,272,308,318,360,386,410,437,461,467,550,565,612,751,828,830,851,920,938,1002,1005,1074,1109,1206,1272,1276,1308],"children":[12],"and":[13,24,67,126,181,196,241,246,255,261,274,278,282,310,401,405,416,480,500,534,577,592,648,657,665,703,721,774,802,833,887,912,950,991,1004,1036,1054,1064,1097,1112,1130,1147,1199,1208,1218,1237,1275,1293,1311],"adults.":[14],"These":[15,1012,1088],"dysplasias,":[16,959],"which":[17],"represent":[18],"abnormalities":[19],"cellular":[21,702,794],"proliferation,":[22],"migration,":[23],"differentiation,":[25],"thought":[27,562],"to":[28,50,59,77,85,130,133,139,142,202,269,291,305,328,345,354,373,494,542,563,569,620,670,677,761,856,881,896,931,1049,1082,1143,1174,1204,1223,1252],"arise":[29,564,1269],"early":[31],"or":[32,74,100,106,141,150,190,366,735,754,793,940,1080,1100],"midgestation":[33],"when":[34],"the":[35,60,71,96,166,227,239,253,264,293,356,361,364,367,374,387,390,413,417,438,498,551,558,583,586,602,621,638,651,675,679,744,857,871,907,921,924,932,958,972,978,999,1057,1124,1135,1150,1232,1254,1273,1285,1302],"architecture":[37],"is":[38,123,397,423,456,519,540,673,683,904,915,945,1184,1212,1261,1316],"forming.":[39],"The":[40,118,299,982,1179,1322],"Palmini":[41],"classification":[42],"has":[43,127,231,248,302,442,505,650,994,1202],"been":[44,128,232,303,879,1047],"adopted":[45],"most":[46,61,1262],"widely":[47],"order":[49],"categorize":[51],"these":[52,121,1110],"heterogeneous":[53],"lesions.":[54,660],"Type":[55],"1":[56,94,1191],"dysplasia":[57,83,171,365,872,973],"refers":[58,84],"subtle":[62,610],"alterations":[63,824],"lamination":[66],"ectopic":[68],"neurons":[69,180,877,1102],"white":[72,613],"matter":[73,614],"immediately":[75,371,729],"adjacent":[76,372,619],"layer":[78,93],"1,":[79],"whereas":[80],"type":[81,162,1187,1190],"2":[82,392,1188],"areas":[86,169,473,626,1085],"more":[88,158,368],"extensive":[89],"dyslamination":[90,1099],"outside":[91],"with":[95,165,209,399,452,646,663,853,893,974,1078,1318],"absence":[97],"(type":[98,102],"2a)":[99],"presence":[101,167],"2b)":[103],"cytomegalic":[105,174],"balloon":[107,888],"cells":[108,175,362,829,869,886,889,919],"(for":[109,335,485,588,806],"review":[110,336,486,589,807,1148],"see":[111,337,487,590,808],"Crino,":[112,338],"2009;":[113,115,339,489,594,810,1040,1167],"Duchowny,":[114,488],"this":[116,247,323,340,490,595,649,755,811,1041,1168,1246,1314],"supplement).":[117,341,491,596,812,1042,1169],"etiology":[119],"lesions":[122,343,524],"poorly":[124],"understood,":[125],"postulated":[129],"be":[131,187,270,306,326,346,548,617,714,728,743,758,779,882,1015,1175,1282],"due":[132],"possible":[134,1108],"utero":[136,1075],"focal":[137,1084,1145],"insults":[138],"cortex":[140],"genetic":[143,242,697,1035],"mutations":[144],"responsible":[145,520],"for":[146,276,521,653,688,716,731,746,750,787,947,967,998,1017,1139,1177,1182,1186,1215,1245],"disordered":[147,791],"cell":[148,223,748],"proliferation":[149],"differentiation.":[151],"Tuberous":[152],"sclerosis":[153],"complex":[154],"(TSC)":[155],"represents":[156],"specific":[159],"form":[160],"2b":[163],"FCD,":[164,320],"containing":[172],"giant":[173,222,885],"as":[176,178,216,218,220,353,455,623,625,644,699,701,771,844,961,1020,1022,1061],"well":[177,219,624,700,1021],"dysplastic":[179,446,472,659,876,1101],"astrocytes,":[182],"termed":[183],"\u201ctubers.\u201d":[184],"Tubers":[185],"can":[186,406,546,616,727,742,757,778,784,1014,1281],"present":[188,916],"singly":[189],"multiply":[191],"an":[193,854],"affected":[194],"individual,":[195],"variably":[198,874],"epileptogenic.":[199],"In":[200,226,492,567,738,861,1067,1227],"addition":[201,493,568],"high":[204,513],"rate":[205,1181],"epilepsy,":[207,1094],"patients":[208,662,1158],"TSC":[210,832,852],"also":[211,249,316,635,785],"have":[212,599,818,866,878,928,1032,1046,1070,1090,1300],"cognitive":[213,1131],"deficits":[214],"such":[215,643,770,960,1060],"autism,":[217],"subependymal":[221],"astrocytomas":[224],"(SEGAs).":[225],"last":[228,1163],"decade,":[229],"there":[230,672,821,1211],"astonishing":[233],"progress":[234,1280],"our":[236],"understanding":[237],"molecular":[240,704,992],"underpinnings":[243],"TSC,":[245,273,309],"shed":[250],"light":[251],"on":[252,474,917,977,1305],"pathophysiology":[254],"epileptogenicity":[256],"non-TSC":[258,319],"FCD.":[259,1011],"TSC1":[260],"TSC2":[262],"genes":[265],"that":[266,322,445,525,544,682,712,767,820,868,909,1118,1154,1264,1298,1313],"found":[268],"mutated":[271],"encode":[275],"hamartin":[277],"tuberin,":[279],"respectively.":[280],"Hamartin":[281],"tuberin":[283],"cooperatively":[284],"inhibit":[285],"excessive":[286],"protein":[287,736,803,826],"translation":[288,827,1287],"by":[289,425,458,529,686,906,1284],"acting":[290],"downregulate":[292],"mammalian":[294],"target":[295],"rapamycin":[297],"(mTOR).":[298],"mTOR":[300,858,1058,1125],"pathway":[301,324],"shown":[304,819,880],"upregulated":[307,838],"some":[311],"its":[313],"components":[314,1053],"overactive":[317],"suggesting":[321],"may":[325,965,1127,1240],"wide":[330],"range":[331],"Dysplastic":[342],"appear":[344,435,890],"epileptic":[347],"foci,":[348],"although":[349],"it":[350,1260],"remains":[351,1134],"unclear":[352],"whether":[355],"ictal":[357,384],"stimulus":[358],"arises":[359],"within":[363,471,870],"normal":[369,418],"neuropil":[370],"lesion.":[375,922],"Source":[376],"analysis":[377,732,789],"from":[378,508,601,637,693,987,1195,1231,1270],"scalp":[379],"electroencephalography":[380],"(EEG)":[381],"often":[382,434,674],"localized":[383,1142],"onset":[385],"dysplasias.":[388],"During":[389],"phase":[391],"presurgical":[393,1221],"work-up,":[394],"electrocorticography":[395],"(ECoG)":[396],"performed":[398,549],"grids":[400],"strips":[402],"electrode":[403],"arrays,":[404],"show":[407],"sharp":[408],"delineation":[409,953],"excitability":[411],"between":[412,655,1290],"lesion":[414],"area":[415],"surround.":[419],"Other":[420],"functional":[421,475,641],"mapping":[422,483,698],"obtained":[424],"[18F]-deoxyglucose":[426],"positron":[427],"emission":[428],"tomography":[429,531],"(PET),":[430],"where":[431,609,943],"heterotopic":[432],"nodules":[433],"hypometabolic":[436],"interictal":[439],"state.":[440],"It":[441,539],"become":[443],"clear":[444],"neural":[447],"networks":[448],"functionally":[450],"integrated":[451],"surrounding":[453,979],"areas,":[454],"evidenced":[457],"their":[459],"responses":[460],"event-related":[462],"potential":[463,652,719,773],"testing,":[464],"task-related":[465],"changes":[466,611],"cerebral":[468],"blood":[469],"flow":[470],"magnetic":[476],"resonance":[477],"imaging":[478,510,580,607],"(fMRI),":[479],"intraoperative":[481],"ECoG":[482],"studies":[484,642,705,769,817,865,993,1201,1249],"advanced":[495,1196],"neurophysiologic":[496,1200],"techniques,":[497],"diagnosis":[499],"localization":[501,795,1194,1222],"individual":[503],"benefited":[506],"greatly":[507],"newer":[509],"techniques.":[511],"High-resolution,":[512],"field":[514,536,571,772],"strength":[515,537],"(3":[516],"Tesla)":[517],"MRI":[518],"detection":[522,554,634],"were":[526],"previously":[527],"undetected":[528],"computerized":[530],"(CT)":[532],"scans":[533],"lower":[535],"MRIs.":[538],"important":[541,715,1176],"note":[543],"MRIs":[545],"now":[547,1116],"fetus,":[552],"allowing":[553],"near":[557],"time":[559],"they":[560],"midgestation.":[566],"improved":[570,1216],"strength,":[572],"arterial":[573],"spin":[574],"labeling":[575],"(ASL)":[576],"susceptibility":[578],"weighted":[579],"(SWI)":[581],"improve":[582,1224],"sensitivity":[584,1217],"images":[587],"Madan":[591],"Grant,":[593],"Further":[597],"advances":[598,692],"come":[600,669],"application":[603],"diffusion":[605],"tensor":[606],"(DTI),":[608],"tracts":[615],"detected":[618],"lesion,":[622],"abnormal":[628],"regional":[629],"connectivity.":[630,899],"Improved":[631,1193],"accuracy":[632],"comes":[636],"combination":[639],"PET":[645],"MRI,":[647],"differentiating":[654],"epileptogenic":[656],"nonepileptic":[658],"Because":[661],"pharmacoresistant":[664],"do":[668],"surgery,":[671],"opportunity":[676],"study":[678,694,1233],"resected":[680,707,740],"tissue":[681,708,726,741,756,783,816,864,1236],"not":[684],"required":[685,946],"pathologists":[687],"diagnostic":[689],"purposes.":[690],"Recent":[691],"human":[696,815,863,988,1235,1291],"revealing":[710],"details":[711],"will":[713,1268],"validation":[717],"therapies":[720,969,1119,1244],"biomarkers":[722],"epileptogenesis.":[724],"Resected":[725],"frozen":[730],"gene":[734,798],"expression.":[737],"addition,":[739,862,1068,1228],"source":[745],"primary":[747],"cultures":[749],"vitro":[752,1003,1277],"assays,":[753],"rapidly":[759],"transferred":[760],"oxygenated":[762],"artificial":[763],"cerebrospinal":[764],"fluid":[765],"so":[766],"electrophysiologic":[768],"whole-cell":[775],"patch-clamp":[776],"recordings":[777],"performed.":[780],"Finally,":[781],"biopsy":[782],"serve":[786],"histopathologic":[788],"morphology,":[792],"altered":[797,910],"(in":[799],"situ":[800],"hybridization)":[801],"expression":[804,839,914,927,935,1051],"(immunocytochemistry)":[805],"D\u2019Archangelo,":[809],"Thus":[813],"far,":[814],"marked":[823],"both":[831,1034],"various":[834],"forms":[835],"FCD\u2014namely,":[837],"PI3K/Akt/mTOR":[841],"cascades.":[842],"Notably,":[843],"result,":[846],"clinical":[847],"trials":[848,1106],"underway":[850],"analog":[855],"inhibitor":[859],"rapamycin.":[860],"revealed":[867],"epileptogenic;":[875],"hyperexcitable,":[883],"yet":[884,1259],"electrically":[891],"inert,":[892],"little":[894,975],"synaptic":[895,898],"no":[897,1325],"This":[900],"heterogeneity":[901],"function":[903],"corroborated":[905],"fact":[908],"neurotransmitter":[911,963],"transporter":[913],"many":[918],"Interestingly,":[923],"patterns":[925],"distinct":[929],"similarities":[930],"status":[933],"normally":[936],"seen":[937],"fetal":[939],"neonatal":[941],"brain,":[942],"hyperexcitability":[944],"activity-dependent":[948],"synaptogenesis":[949],"plasticity.":[951],"Better":[952],"unique":[955,962],"aspects":[956],"compositions,":[964],"allow":[966],"pharmacologic":[968],"directed":[970],"at":[971,1121,1162],"effect":[976],"neuronal":[980],"networks.":[981],"wealth":[983],"information":[985,1289],"emerging":[986],"genetic,":[989],"cellular,":[990],"provided":[995],"foundation":[997],"development":[1000,1255],"vivo":[1006],"experimental":[1007,1257,1294],"animal":[1008,1238,1274],"models":[1009,1013,1031,1045,1072,1089,1239],"used":[1016],"pathophysiologic":[1018],"investigations":[1019],"facilitate":[1023],"preclinical":[1024],"therapeutic":[1025,1266],"trials.":[1026],"A":[1027],"variety":[1028],"rodent":[1030],"emerged,":[1033],"acquired":[1037],"(see":[1038,1165],"Wong,":[1039],"Transgenic":[1043],"mouse":[1044],"made":[1048,1283],"alter":[1050],"regulators":[1055],"cascade,":[1059],"TSC1,":[1062],"TSC2,":[1063],"PTEN":[1065],"mutations.":[1066],"others":[1069],"refined":[1071],"injury":[1077],"trauma":[1079],"mitogens":[1081],"produce":[1083],"dysplasia.":[1087,1192],"variable":[1091],"levels":[1092],"learning":[1095],"deficits,":[1096],"and/or":[1103],"glia.":[1104],"Therapeutic":[1105],"animals,":[1111],"several":[1113],"researchers":[1114],"reporting":[1117],"addressed":[1120],"modulation":[1122],"cascade":[1126],"attenuate":[1128],"epileptogenesis":[1129],"dysfunction.":[1132],"Surgery":[1133],"mainstay":[1136],"therapy":[1138],"dysplasia,":[1146],"available":[1151],"literature":[1152],"suggests":[1153],"approximately":[1155],"two-thirds":[1156],"seizure":[1160],"free":[1161],"follow-up":[1164],"Mathern,":[1166],"Typing":[1170],"appears":[1173],"prognosis:":[1178],"recurrence":[1180],"higher":[1185],"than":[1189],"neuroimaging,":[1197],"functional,":[1198],"contributed":[1203],"reduction":[1205],"morbidity":[1207],"mortality.":[1209],"Clearly":[1210],"need":[1214],"specificity":[1219],"surgical":[1225],"outcome.":[1226],"knowledge":[1229],"gained":[1230],"provide":[1241],"novel":[1242,1265],"nonsurgical":[1243],"population.":[1247],"Human":[1248],"vital":[1251],"informing":[1253],"models,":[1258],"likely":[1263],"interventions":[1267],"testing":[1271],"models.":[1278,1295],"Successful":[1279],"continued":[1286],"investigation":[1292],"I":[1296,1299],"confirm":[1297],"read":[1301],"Journal\u2019s":[1303],"position":[1304],"issues":[1306],"involved":[1307],"ethical":[1309],"publication":[1310],"affirm":[1312],"report":[1315],"consistent":[1317],"those":[1319],"guidelines.":[1320],"Disclaimer:":[1321],"author":[1323],"declares":[1324],"conflicts":[1326],"interest.":[1328]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}