{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020904829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e318260fe5c","title":"Do U.S. Research Institutions Meet or Exceed Federal Mandates for Instruction in Responsible Conduct of Research? A National Survey","display_name":"Do U.S. Research Institutions Meet or Exceed Federal Mandates for Instruction in Responsible Conduct of Research? A National Survey","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020904829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e318260fe5c","mag":"2020904829","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22836835","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3430795"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e318260fe5c","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e318260fe5c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e318260fe5c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19793444","display_name":"Academic Medicine","issn_l":"1040-2446","issn":["1040-2446","1938-808X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academic Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3430795","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061129814","display_name":"David B. Resnik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5139-9555","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5139-9555"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095140","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4k1h63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210095140"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David B. Resnik","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. resnikd@niehs.nih.gov","Dr. Dinse is a principal investigator, Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina","Dr. Resnik is a bioethicist, Ethics Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina","e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]","fax: (919) 541-9854","telephone: (919) 541-5658"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. resnikd@niehs.nih.gov","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210095140"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr. Dinse is a principal investigator, Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210095140"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr. Resnik is a bioethicist, Ethics Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210095140"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"fax: (919) 541-9854","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"telephone: (919) 541-5658","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110447106","display_name":"Gregg E. Dinse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1456-5582","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1456-5582"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095140","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4k1h63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210095140"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregg E. Dinse","raw_affiliation_strings":["should be addressed to Dr. Resnik, Box 12233, Mail Drop CU 03, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; telephone: (919) 541-5658; fax: (919) 541-9854; e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]","Dr. Dinse is a principal investigator, Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina","Dr. Resnik is a bioethicist, Ethics Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina","e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]","fax: (919) 541-9854","telephone: (919) 541-5658"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"should be addressed to Dr. Resnik, Box 12233, Mail Drop CU 03, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; telephone: (919) 541-5658; fax: (919) 541-9854; e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210095140"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr. Dinse is a principal investigator, Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210095140"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr. Resnik is a bioethicist, Ethics Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210095140"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"fax: (919) 541-9854","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"telephone: (919) 541-5658","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061129814"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210095140"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.4679,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98253754,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"87","issue":"9","first_page":"1237","last_page":"1242"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.9014000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.9014000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12168","display_name":"Health and Medical Research Impacts","score":0.06260000169277191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.009600000455975533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/responsible-conduct-of-research","display_name":"responsible conduct of research","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-integrity","display_name":"research integrity","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federal-mandates","display_name":"federal mandates","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-institutions","display_name":"research institutions","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-schools","display_name":"medical schools","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graduate-students","display_name":"graduate students","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postdoctoral-researchers","display_name":"postdoctoral researchers","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-institutes-of-health","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nsf","display_name":"NSF","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-ethics-education","display_name":"research ethics training","score":0.527999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.6237775683403015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993838110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494230","display_name":"Medical school","level":2,"score":0.445930540561676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4086947739124298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3888668417930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3354758620262146}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000046","descriptor_name":"Academic Medical Centers","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000046","descriptor_name":"Academic Medical Centers","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009316","descriptor_name":"National Institutes of Health (U.S.)","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012108","descriptor_name":"Research Personnel","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012108","descriptor_name":"Research Personnel","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012108","descriptor_name":"Research Personnel","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032984","descriptor_name":"Ethics, Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D033161","descriptor_name":"Government Regulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035082","descriptor_name":"Federal Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e318260fe5c","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e318260fe5c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e318260fe5c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19793444","display_name":"Academic Medicine","issn_l":"1040-2446","issn":["1040-2446","1938-808X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academic Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22836835","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22836835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2750904","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3430795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3430795","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3430795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Acad Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2750904","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3430795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6164000034332275,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000906155","display_name":"Ethical, social, and legal issues in environmental health research","funder_award_id":"ZIAES102646","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4k1h63"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007828682","https://openalex.org/W2008378971","https://openalex.org/W2046707661","https://openalex.org/W2058353030","https://openalex.org/W2087196223"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974870822","https://openalex.org/W4396557487","https://openalex.org/W1993212178","https://openalex.org/W4413270134","https://openalex.org/W1976710650","https://openalex.org/W2600935272","https://openalex.org/W2033625740","https://openalex.org/W2010739679","https://openalex.org/W2084865185","https://openalex.org/W1500888245"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"To":[1],"explore":[2],"the":[3,36,51,57,65,71,136],"extent":[4],"to":[5,23,42,77,109,119,150,234,239],"which":[6],"U.S.":[7],"research":[8,30,54,167,181,202,211,241],"institutions":[9,55,91,128,216,233],"are":[10],"meeting":[11],"or":[12,187],"exceeding":[13,67],"National":[14,19],"Institutes":[15],"of":[16,29,73,127,146],"Health":[17],"and":[18,60,80,205],"Science":[20],"Foundation":[21],"mandates":[22,69,138,224],"provide":[24],"instruction":[25],"in":[26,56,156,164,178,199,209],"responsible":[27,44],"conduct":[28],"(RCR).":[31],"METHOD:":[32],"In":[33],"summer":[34],"2011,":[35],"authors":[37,230],"sent":[38],"an":[39,95],"e-mail":[40],"survey":[41],"officials":[43],"for":[45],"overseeing":[46],"RCR":[47,96,111,222,237],"instructional":[48],"programs":[49,158],"at":[50],"200":[52],"top-funded":[53],"United":[58],"States":[59],"Puerto":[61],"Rico.":[62],"They":[63],"cross-classified":[64],"proportions":[66],"federal":[68,137,221],"by":[70,81],"types":[72],"additional":[74,117,147],"individuals":[75,108,118,148],"required":[76,104,116,149],"receive":[78,151],"training":[79,152,223],"medical":[82,130,218],"school":[83],"presence/absence.":[84],"RESULTS:":[85],"Responses":[86],"were":[87],"received":[88],"from":[89],"144":[90,100],"(72%);":[92],"all":[93,154,161,170,175,184,191,196,206],"had":[94],"program.":[97],"Of":[98],"these":[99],"institutions,":[101],"69":[102],"(47.9%)":[103],"only":[105],"federally":[106],"mandated":[107],"take":[110],"training,":[112],"whereas":[113],"75":[114],"(52.1%)":[115],"be":[120],"trained":[121],"as":[122],"well.":[123],"A":[124],"greater":[125],"proportion":[126],"with":[129,217],"schools":[131,219],"(62.3%;":[132],"53/85)":[133],"went":[134],"beyond":[135],"than":[139,225],"did":[140,226],"those":[141,227],"without":[142],"(37.3%;":[143],"22/59).":[144],"Types":[145],"included":[153],"students":[155,162,172,186,193],"selected":[157],"(23.6%;":[159],"34/144),":[160],"participating":[163,177],"externally":[165,179],"funded":[166,180],"(12.5%;":[168],"18/144),":[169],"graduate":[171],"(11.1%;":[173],"16/144),":[174],"faculty/staff":[176,197,207],"(9.7%;":[182],"14/144),":[183],"postdoctoral":[185],"fellows":[188],"(8.3%;":[189],"12/144),":[190],"doctoral-level":[192],"(4.9%;":[194,203],"7/144),":[195,204],"involved":[198,208],"human":[200],"subjects":[201],"animal":[210],"(2.1%;":[212],"3/144).":[213],"CONCLUSIONS:":[214],"More":[215],"exceeded":[220],"without.":[228],"The":[229],"encourage":[231],"other":[232],"expand":[235],"their":[236],"requirements":[238],"promote":[240],"integrity.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
