{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020874071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1939815","title":"Environmental Impact Assessment: \"Pseudoreplication\" in Time?","display_name":"Environmental Impact Assessment: \"Pseudoreplication\" in Time?","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020874071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1939815","mag":"2020874071"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1939815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1939815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1939815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35917800","display_name":"Ecology","issn_l":"0012-9658","issn":["0012-9658","1939-9170"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010948572","display_name":"Allan Stewart\u2010Oaten","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allan Stewart-Oaten","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056315791","display_name":"William W. Murdoch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-4436","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-4436"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William W. Murdoch","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113542600","display_name":"Keith R. Parker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keith R. Parker","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3970,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3970},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":63.2227,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1353,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99907293,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"4","first_page":"929","last_page":"940"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12227","display_name":"Environmental and Social Impact Assessments","score":0.4569999873638153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12227","display_name":"Environmental and Social Impact Assessments","score":0.4569999873638153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10005","display_name":"Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies","score":0.1784999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10447","display_name":"Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology","score":0.08449999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudoreplication","display_name":"pseudoreplication","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baci-design","display_name":"BACI design","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/before-after-control-impact-design","display_name":"before-after-control-impact design","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effluent-discharge","display_name":"effluent discharge","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-abundance","display_name":"population abundance","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling-design","display_name":"sampling design","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additivity-assumption","display_name":"additivity assumption","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independence-assumption","display_name":"independence assumption","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-impact-assessment","display_name":"environmental impact assessment","score":0.6830000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77077793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336019","display_name":"Abundance (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.7574859857559204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.6417940855026245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5935172438621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5636512041091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.5526976585388184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.49167853593826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.4346344769001007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.41144686937332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3292514681816101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29719239473342896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.23142504692077637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12078645825386047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08064863085746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1939815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1939815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1939815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35917800","display_name":"Ecology","issn_l":"0012-9658","issn":["0012-9658","1939-9170"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.6618000268936157}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W129305155","https://openalex.org/W1491087240","https://openalex.org/W1866842065","https://openalex.org/W1965761421","https://openalex.org/W1967550560","https://openalex.org/W1970664537","https://openalex.org/W1975976049","https://openalex.org/W1990184638","https://openalex.org/W1990647126","https://openalex.org/W2008487273","https://openalex.org/W2013701928","https://openalex.org/W2016604754","https://openalex.org/W2017109723","https://openalex.org/W2031511474","https://openalex.org/W2032749407","https://openalex.org/W2053303105","https://openalex.org/W2053553622","https://openalex.org/W2054781139","https://openalex.org/W2060591913","https://openalex.org/W2064150352","https://openalex.org/W2064790857","https://openalex.org/W2080640988","https://openalex.org/W2086483364","https://openalex.org/W2089008958","https://openalex.org/W2093713098","https://openalex.org/W2094135686","https://openalex.org/W2094419105","https://openalex.org/W2126163471","https://openalex.org/W2139156166","https://openalex.org/W2139678307","https://openalex.org/W2144312796","https://openalex.org/W2144352545","https://openalex.org/W2155843307","https://openalex.org/W2158216009","https://openalex.org/W2158307450","https://openalex.org/W2162788228","https://openalex.org/W2163899311","https://openalex.org/W2313938629","https://openalex.org/W2316025483","https://openalex.org/W2322623854","https://openalex.org/W2586317289","https://openalex.org/W2587072524","https://openalex.org/W2623408274","https://openalex.org/W2782199841","https://openalex.org/W2795712055","https://openalex.org/W2800289289","https://openalex.org/W2912887785","https://openalex.org/W2955867965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067737232","https://openalex.org/W2085102724","https://openalex.org/W2118195428","https://openalex.org/W2006648072","https://openalex.org/W2593611219","https://openalex.org/W2160007920","https://openalex.org/W3131572721","https://openalex.org/W2156664168","https://openalex.org/W2142850572","https://openalex.org/W7096599437"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"recent":[1],"monograph":[2],"by":[3,119,201],"Hurlbert":[4],"raised":[5],"several":[6],"problems":[7],"concerning":[8],"the":[9,17,20,28,42,48,52,59,62,68,72,85,88,101,112,115,122,136,147,157,186,202,216,250],"appropriate":[10,79,223],"design":[11,102,220],"of":[12,22,30,44,51,55,61,87,111,114,205,252],"sampling":[13,80],"programs":[14],"to":[15,41,83,97,171,188,234,258],"assess":[16],"impact":[18,132],"upon":[19,90],"abundance":[21,74],"biological":[23,217],"populations":[24,228],"of,":[25],"for":[26],"example,":[27],"discharge":[29,89,116,137,148,187],"effluents":[31],"into":[32],"an":[33,78,131],"aquatic":[34],"ecosystem":[35],"at":[36,126,155,229],"a":[37,127,166,176],"single":[38],"point.":[39],"Key":[40],"resolution":[43],"these":[45,242],"issues":[46],"is":[47,58,117,164,182,199,221],"correct":[49],"identification":[50],"statistical":[53],"parameter":[54],"interest,":[56],"which":[57],"mean":[60],"underlying":[63,92],"probabilistic":[64],"\"process\"":[65],"that":[66,180,197,210],"produces":[67],"abundance,":[69],"rather":[70],"than":[71],"actual":[73],"itself.":[75],"We":[76,248],"describe":[77],"scheme":[81],"designed":[82],"detect":[84],"effect":[86,113],"this":[91,163],"mean.":[93],"Although":[94],"not":[95,222],"guaranteed":[96],"be":[98,172,189,245],"universally":[99],"applicable,":[100],"should":[103],"meet":[104],"Hurlbert's":[105],"objections":[106],"in":[107,144,174,212,215,239],"many":[108],"cases.":[109],"Detection":[110],"achieved":[118],"testing":[120],"whether":[121],"difference":[123],"between":[124],"abundances":[125],"control":[128,177],"site":[129,133,178],"and":[130,150,159,231,261],"changes":[134,214],"once":[135],"begins.":[138],"This":[139],"requires":[140],"taking":[141],"samples,":[142],"replicated":[143],"time,":[145],"Before":[146],"begins":[149],"After":[151],"it":[152,181,198],"has":[153],"begun,":[154],"both":[156],"Control":[158,230],"Impact":[160,232],"sites":[161,233],"(hence":[162],"called":[165],"BACI":[167],"design).":[168],"Care":[169],"needs":[170],"taken":[173],"choosing":[175],"so":[179],"sufficiently":[183],"far":[184],"from":[185],"largely":[190],"beyond":[191],"its":[192],"influence,":[193],"yet":[194],"close":[195],"enough":[196],"influenced":[200],"same":[203],"range":[204],"natural":[206],"phenomena":[207],"(e.g.,":[208],"weather)":[209],"result":[211],"long\u2014term":[213,237],"populations.":[218],"The":[219],"where":[224],"local":[225],"events":[226],"cause":[227],"have":[235],"different":[236],"trends":[238],"abundance;":[240],"however,":[241],"situations":[243],"can":[244],"detected":[246],"statistically.":[247],"discuss":[249],"assumptions":[251],"BACI,":[253],"particularly":[254],"additivity":[255],"(and":[256],"transformations":[257],"achieve":[259],"it)":[260],"independence.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":47}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
