{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020666702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.1998.tb00412.x","title":"Imputation: Methods, Simulation Experiments and Practical Examples","display_name":"Imputation: Methods, Simulation Experiments and Practical Examples","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020666702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.1998.tb00412.x","mag":"2020666702"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1751-5823.1998.tb00412.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.1998.tb00412.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.1998.tb00412.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1751-5823.1998.tb00412.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17395904","display_name":"International Statistical Review","issn_l":"0306-7734","issn":["0306-7734","1751-5823"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Statistical Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1751-5823.1998.tb00412.x","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026040739","display_name":"Eric Schulte Nordholt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1322731696","display_name":"Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek","ror":"https://ror.org/0408v4c28","country_code":"NL","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322731696"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric Schulte Nordholt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Statistics Netherlands, Division Socio-economic Statistics, P.O. Box 4000, 2270 JM Voorburg, The Netherlands. E-mail:ESLE@CBS.NL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistics Netherlands, Division Socio-economic Statistics, P.O. Box 4000, 2270 JM Voorburg, The Netherlands. E-mail:ESLE@CBS.NL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322731696"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026040739"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1322731696"],"apc_list":{"value":4880,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4880},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8762,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7525565,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"2","first_page":"157","last_page":"180"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.41040000319480896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.41040000319480896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.34060001373291016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13030","display_name":"Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques","score":0.23890000581741333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imputation","display_name":"imputation","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-data","display_name":"missing data","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/item-nonresponse","display_name":"item nonresponse","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit-nonresponse","display_name":"unit nonresponse","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hot-deck-imputation","display_name":"hot deck imputation","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survey-nonresponse","display_name":"survey nonresponse","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structure-of-earnings-survey","display_name":"Structure of Earnings Survey","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survey-data-quality","display_name":"survey data quality","score":0.4740000069141388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58041806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660484","display_name":"Imputation (statistics)","level":3,"score":0.9044197797775269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.7522698640823364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5606139898300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5604925155639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4986710548400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.44498211145401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.4164116680622101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2715226709842682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10794055461883545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.066802978515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1751-5823.1998.tb00412.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.1998.tb00412.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.1998.tb00412.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1751-5823.1998.tb00412.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17395904","display_name":"International Statistical Review","issn_l":"0306-7734","issn":["0306-7734","1751-5823"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Statistical Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1751-5823.1998.tb00412.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.1998.tb00412.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.1998.tb00412.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1751-5823.1998.tb00412.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17395904","display_name":"International Statistical Review","issn_l":"0306-7734","issn":["0306-7734","1751-5823"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Statistical Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2020666702.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2020666702.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536282935","https://openalex.org/W1542897869","https://openalex.org/W1972851018","https://openalex.org/W1985408874","https://openalex.org/W2001768898","https://openalex.org/W2044758663","https://openalex.org/W2047391263","https://openalex.org/W2073031042","https://openalex.org/W2083528721","https://openalex.org/W2118502261","https://openalex.org/W2155725368","https://openalex.org/W2559577701","https://openalex.org/W2798187139","https://openalex.org/W3197494818","https://openalex.org/W4211101039","https://openalex.org/W4247778375","https://openalex.org/W6632151551"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181530120","https://openalex.org/W4211215373","https://openalex.org/W2024529227","https://openalex.org/W1574575415","https://openalex.org/W3144172081","https://openalex.org/W3179858851","https://openalex.org/W3028371478","https://openalex.org/W2081476516","https://openalex.org/W2581984549","https://openalex.org/W3123177881"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Summary":[0],"When":[1],"conducting":[2],"surveys,":[3],"two":[4,65],"kinds":[5],"of":[6,24,43,47,68,84,109,135,148,151,221,235,253,262],"nonresponse":[7,14,19,27],"may":[8],"cause":[9],"incomplete":[10],"data":[11,77,101,150,264],"files:":[12],"unit":[13,26],"(complete":[15],"nonresponse)":[16],"and":[17,81,119,122,217,248,272],"item":[18,44],"(partial":[20],"nonresponse).":[21],"The":[22,92,107,177],"selectivity":[23],"the":[25,39,58,69,74,90,100,110,115,125,130,133,149,152,175,183,189,193,201,210,219,222,227,232,236,241,249,260,273],"is":[28,57,96,112,139,157,191,229],"often":[29],"corrected":[30],"for.":[31],"Various":[32],"imputation":[33,49,137,223,233,281],"techniques":[34,50],"can":[35,266],"be":[36,215,267],"used":[37,97,172],"for":[38,114,283],"missing":[40,85,263],"values":[41,86,163],"because":[42],"nonresponse.":[45],"Several":[46],"these":[48],"are":[51,78,87,171,179],"discussed":[52],"in":[53,102,269],"this":[54,103],"report.":[55],"One":[56],"hot":[59,70,93,168,194],"deck":[60,71,94,169,195],"imputation.":[61],"This":[62,205],"paper":[63,206],"describes":[64],"simulation":[66,144],"experiments":[67,188],"method.":[72,128,204],"In":[73,129,186],"first":[75],"study,":[76,132],"randomly":[79],"generated,":[80],"various":[82],"percentages":[83],"then":[88,180],"non\u2010randomly\u2018added\u2019to":[89],"data.":[91,176],"method":[95,111,138,196],"to":[98,173],"reconstruct":[99,174],"Monte":[104],"Carlo":[105],"experiment.":[106,145],"performance":[108],"evaluated":[113],"means,":[116],"standard":[117],"deviations,":[118],"correlation":[120],"coefficients":[121],"compared":[123,181],"with":[124,182,209,277],"available":[126,202],"case":[127,203],"second":[131],"quality":[134],"an":[136,279],"studied":[140],"by":[141,159,231],"running":[142],"a":[143,165],"A":[146],"selection":[147],"Dutch":[153,237,251],"Housing":[154,238],"Demand":[155,239],"Survey":[156,246,255],"perturbed":[158],"leaving":[160],"out":[161],"specific":[162],"on":[164],"variable.":[166],"Again":[167],"imputations":[170,178],"true":[184],"values.":[185],"both":[187],"conclusion":[190],"that":[192,265],"generally":[197],"performs":[198],"better":[199],"than":[200],"also":[207],"deals":[208],"questions":[211],"which":[212],"variables":[213],"should":[214],"imputed":[216],"what":[218],"duration":[220],"process":[224],"is.":[225],"Finally":[226],"theory":[228],"illustrated":[230],"approaches":[234],"Survey,":[240],"European":[242],"Community":[243],"Household":[244],"Panel":[245],"(ECHP)":[247],"new":[250],"Structure":[252],"Earnings":[254],"(SES).":[256],"These":[257],"examples":[258],"illustrate":[259],"levels":[261],"experienced":[268],"such":[270],"surveys":[271],"practical":[274],"problems":[275],"associated":[276],"choosing":[278],"appropriate":[280],"strategy":[282],"key":[284],"items":[285],"from":[286],"each":[287],"survey.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}