{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020608809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100042815","title":"Movements of pension contributions and fund levels when rates of return are random","display_name":"Movements of pension contributions and fund levels when rates of return are random","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020608809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100042815","mag":"2020608809"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0020268100042815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100042815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100042815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764952351","display_name":"Journal of the Institute of Actuaries","issn_l":"0020-2681","issn":["0020-2681","2058-1009"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Institute of Actuaries","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016519626","display_name":"Daniel Dufresne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6990-0590","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6990-0590"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43406934","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjchr03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Dufresne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science, Laval University, Quebec"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science, Laval University, Quebec","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016519626"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9817,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95319229,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"115","issue":"3","first_page":"535","last_page":"544"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.8095999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.8095999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12011","display_name":"Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management","score":0.07450000196695328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11720","display_name":"Probability and Risk Models","score":0.03840000182390213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pension-contributions","display_name":"pension contributions","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuarial-liability","display_name":"actuarial liability","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normal-cost","display_name":"normal cost","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unfunded-liabilities","display_name":"unfunded liabilities","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/funded-pensions","display_name":"funded pensions","score":0.5009999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.6737813949584961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.6579920053482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186027771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008379","display_name":"Valuation (finance)","level":2,"score":0.6452181339263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992209059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182103","display_name":"Pension fund","level":3,"score":0.5750702619552612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780899237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156223","display_name":"Pension","level":2,"score":0.5661213397979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5515034198760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86637286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7317264","display_name":"Rate of return","level":2,"score":0.5441119074821472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3857964873313904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.22482606768608093}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0020268100042815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100042815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100042815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764952351","display_name":"Journal of the Institute of Actuaries","issn_l":"0020-2681","issn":["0020-2681","2058-1009"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Institute of Actuaries","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W659268535","https://openalex.org/W820753985","https://openalex.org/W1548936257","https://openalex.org/W2048324660","https://openalex.org/W2314576406"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W33358838","https://openalex.org/W961522483","https://openalex.org/W820753985","https://openalex.org/W2059828372","https://openalex.org/W2019004778","https://openalex.org/W7071389897","https://openalex.org/W1561858509","https://openalex.org/W2061955851","https://openalex.org/W2077454993","https://openalex.org/W1977884082"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,36,47,69],"simple":[4],"model":[5],"for":[6,68],"studying":[7],"the":[8,44,52,57,65,75],"variability":[9],"of":[10,18,51,71],"contribution":[11,95],"rates":[12,17],"and":[13,35,40,56],"fund":[14,59],"levels,":[15],"when":[16],"return":[19],"are":[20,26],"random.":[21],"The":[22],"funding":[23],"methods":[24,74],"considered":[25],"those":[27],"which":[28,41],"(1)":[29],"produce":[30],"an":[31],"actuarial":[32,72],"liability":[33],"(AL)":[34],"normal":[37,97],"cost":[38,73,98],"(NC),":[39],"(2)":[42],"adjust":[43],"latter":[45],"by":[46],"constant":[48],"fraction":[49],"\u2018k\u2019":[50],"difference":[53],"between":[54],"AL":[55],"actual":[58],"(this":[60],"discrepancy":[61],"is":[62,77],"known":[63],"as":[64],"\u2018unfunded":[66],"liability\u2019;":[67],"description":[70],"reader":[76],"referred":[78],"to":[79],"Trowbridge":[80],"(1952),":[81],"Winklevoss":[82],"(1977)":[83],"or":[84],"Turner":[85],"et":[86],"al.":[87],"(1984)).":[88],"Thus":[89],"at":[90],"every":[91],"valuation":[92],"date":[93],"total":[94],"=":[96],"+":[99],"k":[100],"\u00d7":[101],"(unfunded":[102],"liability).":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}