{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020303389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/1.1.35","title":"Growth and Equity in Developing Countries: A Reinterpretation of the Sri Lankan Experience","display_name":"Growth and Equity in Developing Countries: A Reinterpretation of the Sri Lankan Experience","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020303389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/1.1.35","mag":"2020303389"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/wber/1.1.35","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/1.1.35","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/1.1.35","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735890421","display_name":"The World Bank Economic Review","issn_l":"0258-6770","issn":["0258-6770","1564-698X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The World Bank Economic Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109258700","display_name":"Surjit S. Bhalla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1442-3233","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1442-3233"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Surjit S. Bhalla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Surjit S. Bhalla and Paul Glewwe are on the staff of the World Bank. This article stems from a joint World Bank\u2014Central Bank of Ceylon research project entitled Evolution of Living Standards in Sri Lanka, the major funding for which was provided by the Swedish International Development Agency. The authors are thankful for this support and would also like to thank the Central Bank and the Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka, for their generous cooperation"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surjit S. Bhalla and Paul Glewwe are on the staff of the World Bank. This article stems from a joint World Bank\u2014Central Bank of Ceylon research project entitled Evolution of Living Standards in Sri Lanka, the major funding for which was provided by the Swedish International Development Agency. The authors are thankful for this support and would also like to thank the Central Bank and the Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka, for their generous cooperation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077411536","display_name":"Paul W. Glewwe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Glewwe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Surjit S. Bhalla and Paul Glewwe are on the staff of the World Bank. This article stems from a joint World Bank\u2014Central Bank of Ceylon research project entitled Evolution of Living Standards in Sri Lanka, the major funding for which was provided by the Swedish International Development Agency. The authors are thankful for this support and would also like to thank the Central Bank and the Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka, for their generous cooperation"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surjit S. Bhalla and Paul Glewwe are on the staff of the World Bank. This article stems from a joint World Bank\u2014Central Bank of Ceylon research project entitled Evolution of Living Standards in Sri Lanka, the major funding for which was provided by the Swedish International Development Agency. The authors are thankful for this support and would also like to thank the Central Bank and the Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka, for their generous cooperation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"],"apc_list":{"value":3986,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3986},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.6475,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":131,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9962042,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"35","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9506999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9506999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11742","display_name":"Economic Theory and Policy","score":0.027499999850988388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.008700000122189522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basic-needs-approach","display_name":"basic needs approach","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/living-standards","display_name":"living standards","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sri-lanka","display_name":"Sri Lanka","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty-reduction","display_name":"poverty reduction","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initial-conditions","display_name":"initial conditions","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-spending","display_name":"consumer spending","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.578000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.5375944972038269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779598827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93482","display_name":"Ceylon","level":2,"score":0.5164659023284912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.4696243107318878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87616379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2477868","display_name":"International development","level":2,"score":0.44205591082572937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.4381784498691559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.41877561807632446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.33532366156578064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.26597559452056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.13841992616653442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.10963127017021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/wber/1.1.35","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/1.1.35","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/1.1.35","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735890421","display_name":"The World Bank Economic Review","issn_l":"0258-6770","issn":["0258-6770","1564-698X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The World Bank Economic Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7257999777793884,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.41670000553131104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W613719801","https://openalex.org/W1544006236","https://openalex.org/W1587596049","https://openalex.org/W1608801460","https://openalex.org/W1824116303","https://openalex.org/W2009859302","https://openalex.org/W2010816326","https://openalex.org/W2042154164","https://openalex.org/W2058396217","https://openalex.org/W2067130340","https://openalex.org/W2073521019","https://openalex.org/W2106145993","https://openalex.org/W2150879566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055702464","https://openalex.org/W3099581112","https://openalex.org/W2920802589","https://openalex.org/W2614840996","https://openalex.org/W7221083579","https://openalex.org/W4240041031","https://openalex.org/W7169859028","https://openalex.org/W1999355072","https://openalex.org/W1591286811","https://openalex.org/W2606340125"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,96],"the":[1,5,32,59,63,73,79,87,99,135,138],"important":[2],"debate":[3],"between":[4],"proponents":[6],"of":[7,16,44,62,89,101,117,134],"direct":[8,33,90],"(basic":[9],"needs)":[10],"and":[11,137,142],"indirect":[12,103],"(economic":[13],"growth)":[14],"measures":[15,92],"promoting":[17],"welfare,":[18],"Sri":[19],"Lanka":[20],"has":[21,29,35],"frequently":[22],"been":[23],"cited":[24],"as":[25],"one":[26],"country":[27],"which":[28,54],"successfully":[30],"pursued":[31],"approach\u2014it":[34],"raised":[36],"living":[37,76,145],"standards":[38,77],"without":[39],"much":[40],"cost":[41],"in":[42,75],"terms":[43],"reduced":[45],"growth.":[46],"This":[47],"conclusion,":[48],"however,":[49],"is":[50],"based":[51],"on":[52],"analyses":[53],"do":[55],"not":[56,128],"account":[57],"for":[58],"initial":[60],"conditions":[61],"countries":[64],"being":[65],"compared.":[66],"After":[67],"methodologically":[68],"incorporating":[69],"these":[70],"concerns,":[71],"neither":[72],"improvement":[74],"nor":[78],"2.0":[80],"percent":[81,119],"per":[82,120,122],"capita":[83,121],"growth":[84,109],"rate":[85,116],"during":[86,98],"period":[88,100],"policy":[91],"(1960\u201378)":[93],"was":[94],"exceptional.":[95],"contrast,":[97],"more":[102,110],"growth-promoting":[104],"policies":[105],"(1977\u201384),":[106],"(i)":[107],"economic":[108],"than":[111],"doubled":[112],"to":[113,149],"an":[114],"average":[115],"4.3":[118],"annum;":[123],"(ii)":[124],"expenditure":[125],"inequality":[126],"did":[127],"significantly":[129],"change;":[130],"(iii)":[131],"consumption":[132],"expenditures":[133],"population,":[136],"poor,":[139],"generally":[140],"increased;":[141],"(iv)":[143],"several":[144],"standard":[146],"indicators":[147],"continued":[148],"improve.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}