{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020226186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.2.133","title":"What Can Be Done To Improve Struggling High Schools?","display_name":"What Can Be Done To Improve Struggling High Schools?","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020226186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.2.133","mag":"2020226186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1257/jep.27.2.133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.2.133","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.2.133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72880728","display_name":"The Journal of Economic Perspectives","issn_l":"0895-3309","issn":["0895-3309","1944-7965"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economic Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040662400","display_name":"Julie Berry Cullen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8627-8394","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8627-8394"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Berry Cullen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Associate Professor of Economics, University of California\u2013San Diego, La Jolla, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Associate Professor of Economics, University of California\u2013San Diego, La Jolla, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110461946","display_name":"Steven D. Levitt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven D Levitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["William B. Ogden Distinguished Service Professor of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Director, Becker Center on Chicago Price Theory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"William B. Ogden Distinguished Service Professor of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Director, Becker Center on Chicago Price Theory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Erin Robertson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erin Robertson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Professional, Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Professional, Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089062782","display_name":"Sally Sadoff","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sally Sadoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor of Management and Strategy, Rady School of Management, University of California\u2013San Diego, La Jolla, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor of Management and Strategy, Rady School of Management, University of California\u2013San Diego, La Jolla, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":33.878,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99570195,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"2","first_page":"133","last_page":"152"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.7285000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.7285000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13532","display_name":"Education Systems and Policy","score":0.12449999898672104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13872","display_name":"Vocational and Entrepreneurial Education","score":0.07620000094175339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-improvement","display_name":"school improvement","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underachieving-students","display_name":"underachieving students","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital","display_name":"human capital","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-skills","display_name":"life skills","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work-experience","display_name":"work experience","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-opportunities","display_name":"educational opportunities","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-effectiveness","display_name":"cost-effectiveness","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.4449999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106306483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183984","display_name":"Futures contract","level":2,"score":0.610957682132721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.5924416184425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5210765600204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5063787698745728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.44189831614494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4182821810245514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3847198188304901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.34775060415267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.34010154008865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.33333343267440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.20661517977714539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12266477942466736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1257/jep.27.2.133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.2.133","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.2.133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72880728","display_name":"The Journal of Economic Perspectives","issn_l":"0895-3309","issn":["0895-3309","1944-7965"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economic Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:aea:jecper:v:27:y:2013:i:2:p:133-52","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/jep.27.2.133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.975600004196167},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7257999777793884}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5299999713897705}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":86,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2663162","https://openalex.org/W9811703","https://openalex.org/W27950030","https://openalex.org/W47288910","https://openalex.org/W73968344","https://openalex.org/W77681713","https://openalex.org/W131045299","https://openalex.org/W169539508","https://openalex.org/W217384919","https://openalex.org/W248352643","https://openalex.org/W281301167","https://openalex.org/W285217991","https://openalex.org/W297523028","https://openalex.org/W307517244","https://openalex.org/W332943688","https://openalex.org/W335981425","https://openalex.org/W338288076","https://openalex.org/W1485326501","https://openalex.org/W1508184713","https://openalex.org/W1509285446","https://openalex.org/W1514555319","https://openalex.org/W1517094287","https://openalex.org/W1517490174","https://openalex.org/W1519557902","https://openalex.org/W1521059978","https://openalex.org/W1535305819","https://openalex.org/W1536021911","https://openalex.org/W1549481621","https://openalex.org/W1568179783","https://openalex.org/W1579771135","https://openalex.org/W1597679934","https://openalex.org/W1656580165","https://openalex.org/W1674261654","https://openalex.org/W1808908757","https://openalex.org/W1964651588","https://openalex.org/W1965158185","https://openalex.org/W1968110444","https://openalex.org/W1969335568","https://openalex.org/W1973420336","https://openalex.org/W1981946779","https://openalex.org/W1998191912","https://openalex.org/W2003364147","https://openalex.org/W2019632899","https://openalex.org/W2023368006","https://openalex.org/W2042480047","https://openalex.org/W2044116340","https://openalex.org/W2046468826","https://openalex.org/W2070620973","https://openalex.org/W2073105056","https://openalex.org/W2079077255","https://openalex.org/W2091143533","https://openalex.org/W2119506108","https://openalex.org/W2120158905","https://openalex.org/W2122121565","https://openalex.org/W2122840818","https://openalex.org/W2123747440","https://openalex.org/W2150083067","https://openalex.org/W2150221680","https://openalex.org/W2150732543","https://openalex.org/W2160607124","https://openalex.org/W2161746708","https://openalex.org/W2164315463","https://openalex.org/W2167044262","https://openalex.org/W2170976557","https://openalex.org/W2185861208","https://openalex.org/W2234166716","https://openalex.org/W2483934108","https://openalex.org/W2728299380","https://openalex.org/W2730903371","https://openalex.org/W2798688109","https://openalex.org/W2890076071","https://openalex.org/W2890177028","https://openalex.org/W2891294519","https://openalex.org/W2891327881","https://openalex.org/W2892346715","https://openalex.org/W3022169058","https://openalex.org/W3022971338","https://openalex.org/W3023379612","https://openalex.org/W3041161900","https://openalex.org/W3102667860","https://openalex.org/W3122990119","https://openalex.org/W3124369876","https://openalex.org/W3124413598","https://openalex.org/W3125056391","https://openalex.org/W3139928289","https://openalex.org/W3140501296"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2306849463","https://openalex.org/W241617698","https://openalex.org/W2924167462","https://openalex.org/W3041368414","https://openalex.org/W2292075110","https://openalex.org/W7100845297","https://openalex.org/W2128943829","https://openalex.org/W75442621","https://openalex.org/W2189407603","https://openalex.org/W50965900"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,49],"spite":[1],"of":[2,4,19,36,42,73,83],"decades":[3],"well-intentioned":[5],"efforts":[6],"targeted":[7],"at":[8,39],"struggling":[9],"high":[10],"schools,":[11],"outcomes":[12],"today":[13],"are":[14],"little":[15],"improved.":[16],"A":[17],"handful":[18],"innovative":[20],"programs":[21],"have":[22],"achieved":[23],"great":[24],"success":[25],"on":[26,59,70],"a":[27,68],"small":[28],"scale,":[29],"but":[30],"more":[31],"generally,":[32],"the":[33,37,40,43,77],"economic":[34],"futures":[35],"students":[38],"bottom":[41],"human":[44],"capital":[45],"distribution":[46],"remain":[47],"dismal.":[48],"our":[50],"view,":[51],"expanding":[52],"access":[53],"to":[54,67],"educational":[55],"options":[56],"that":[57],"focus":[58,69],"life":[60],"skills":[61],"and":[62],"work":[63],"experience,":[64],"as":[65],"opposed":[66],"traditional":[71],"definitions":[72],"academic":[74],"success,":[75],"represents":[76],"most":[78],"cost-effective,":[79],"broadly":[80],"implementable":[81],"source":[82],"improvements":[84],"for":[85],"this":[86],"group.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
