{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2019770879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.737558.x","title":"Pre\u2010clinical Cushing's syndrome: an unexpected frequent cause of poor glycaemic control in obese diabetic patients","display_name":"Pre\u2010clinical Cushing's syndrome: an unexpected frequent cause of poor glycaemic control in obese diabetic patients","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2019770879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.737558.x","mag":"2019770879","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8759185"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.737558.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.737558.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.737558.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S182143151","display_name":"Clinical Endocrinology","issn_l":"0300-0664","issn":["0300-0664","1365-2265"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Endocrinology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035094672","display_name":"Gil Leibowitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9699-6353","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9699-6353"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197251160","display_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxff017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799899409","display_name":"Hadassah Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01cqmqj90","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799899409"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gil Leibowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Endocrinology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endocrinology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197251160","https://openalex.org/I2799899409"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042138632","display_name":"Anat Tsur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8573-4705","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8573-4705"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anat Tsur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108072114","display_name":"Susan Chayen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan D. Chayen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohammad Salameh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Salameh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073517018","display_name":"Itamar Raz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0209-4453","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0209-4453"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197251160","display_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxff017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799899409","display_name":"Hadassah Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01cqmqj90","country_code":"IL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799899409"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Itamar Raz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medicine, the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medicine, the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197251160","https://openalex.org/I2799899409"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076271317","display_name":"Erol Cerasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8234-3618","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8234-3618"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erol Cerasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David J. Gross","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David J. Gross","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism,","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2101,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":176,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76453163,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"6","first_page":"717","last_page":"722"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10832","display_name":"Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10832","display_name":"Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11054","display_name":"Adrenal and Paraganglionic Tumors","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12421","display_name":"Adrenal Hormones and Disorders","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syndromes","display_name":"syndromes","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncontrolled-diabetes","display_name":"uncontrolled diabetes","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obesity","display_name":"obesity","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-control","display_name":"glycemic control","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dexamethasone-suppression-test","display_name":"dexamethasone suppression test","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence","display_name":"prevalence","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-rate","display_name":"false positive rate","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adrenalectomy","display_name":"adrenalectomy","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-treatment","display_name":"surgical treatment","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/screening-test","display_name":"screening test","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycosylated-haemoglobin","display_name":"glycosylated haemoglobin","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypercortisolism","display_name":"hypercortisolism","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adrenal-incidentaloma","display_name":"adrenal incidentaloma","score":0.3959999978542328}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.870729923248291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.7575446367263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.688448965549469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780401358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422252","display_name":"Dexamethasone","level":2,"score":0.5891047716140747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.5864310264587402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46699223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11078","display_name":"Endocrine system","level":3,"score":0.5650109052658081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.5353679060935974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780455818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207196","display_name":"Dexamethasone suppression test","level":3,"score":0.4952196180820465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569","display_name":"Gastroenterology","level":1,"score":0.4716742932796478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195910791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Medical record","level":2,"score":0.4644252061843872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.45229896903038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511355011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174","display_name":"Obesity","level":2,"score":0.424538254737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71315377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364","display_name":"Hormone","level":2,"score":0.13145968317985535}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003480","descriptor_name":"Cushing Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003480","descriptor_name":"Cushing Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003907","descriptor_name":"Dexamethasone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006854","descriptor_name":"Hydrocortisone","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.737558.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.737558.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.737558.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S182143151","display_name":"Clinical Endocrinology","issn_l":"0300-0664","issn":["0300-0664","1365-2265"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Endocrinology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8759185","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8759185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical endocrinology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2345320413","https://openalex.org/W4285383253","https://openalex.org/W6911642996","https://openalex.org/W1986148945","https://openalex.org/W2032553506","https://openalex.org/W4250288937","https://openalex.org/W2002763735","https://openalex.org/W2927799811","https://openalex.org/W2033709422","https://openalex.org/W4238397242"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Autonomous":[1],"cortisol":[2,122,227,275],"secretion":[3],"without":[4],"clinical":[5],"stigmata":[6],"of":[7,32,38,49,69,143,151,161,180,189,214,236,258,263,292,314,355],"Cushing's":[8,316,350],"syndrome":[9,317,351],"(CS)":[10],"has":[11,41],"been":[12,43],"recently":[13],"recognized":[14],"and":[15,94,100,129,135,164,186,206,246,306,344,357],"termed":[16],"pre-clinical":[17,50,184,315],"or":[18],"sub-clinical":[19],"CS.":[20],"The":[21,141,159,177,312,333],"common":[22],"assumption":[23],"is":[24,27],"that":[25],"CS":[26,51,74,163,185,237,259],"an":[28,112],"extremely":[29],"rare":[30],"cause":[31],"uncontrolled":[33,56],"diabetes;":[34],"however,":[35],"the":[36,47,66,95,147,156,165,170,181,187,199,210,215,218,234,253,256,273,353],"prevalence":[37,48,142,160,313],"this":[39],"entity":[40],"not":[42,239],"studied.":[44],"We":[45],"assessed":[46,154],"among":[52],"obese":[53,83,319],"patients":[54,71,84,119,182,222,272,302,320],"with":[55,72,103,120,183,321],"diabetes.":[57],"PATIENTS":[58],"AND":[59],"DESIGN:":[60],"(1)":[61],"In":[62,78,118,198,217,231,252,269],"a":[63,79,91,242,341],"retrospective":[64,157,200,305],"analysis,":[65,201],"medical":[67],"records":[68],"63":[70],"endogenous":[73],"were":[75,138,175],"reviewed.":[76],"(2)":[77],"cross-sectional":[80,219,309],"study,":[81,220],"90":[82],"(BMI":[85],">":[86,109],"25":[87],"kg/m2)":[88],"followed":[89],"in":[90,155,169,299,318],"University":[92],"Hospital":[93],"local":[96],"Health":[97],"Fund":[98],"endocrine":[99,178],"diabetes":[101,106,205,324],"clinics,":[102],"poorly":[104,144,322],"controlled":[105,145,323],"(glycosylated":[107],"haemoglobin":[108],"9%),":[110],"underwent":[111],"overnight":[113,171,274,334],"1":[114],"mg":[115,131],"dexamethasone":[116,132,172,335],"suppression.":[117],"non-suppressible":[121],"levels":[123],"(>":[124],"140":[125,229],"nmol/l),":[126],"Liddle's":[127,244],"2":[128,207],"8":[130],"suppression":[133,173,276,336],"tests":[134],"imaging":[136],"studies":[137],"performed.":[139],"MEASUREMENTS:":[140],"diabetes,":[146],"major":[148],"presenting":[149],"symptom":[150],"CS,":[152,293],"was":[153,238,247,260,278,296],"analysis.":[158],"\"true'":[162],"false":[166,250],"positive":[167],"rate":[168],"test":[174,245,277,337,348],"calculated.":[176],"evaluation":[179],"effects":[188],"surgical":[190,290],"cure":[191],"on":[192],"glycaemic":[193,294],"control":[194,295],"are":[195],"described.":[196],"RESULTS:":[197],"11":[202],"(17.5%)":[203],"had":[204],"(3.2%)":[208],"lacked":[209],"classic":[211],"physical":[212],"characteristics":[213],"syndrome.":[216],"4":[221],"failed":[223],"to":[224,326,339],"suppress":[225],"plasma":[226],"(<":[228],"nmol/l).":[230],"one":[232],"patient":[233],"diagnosis":[235,257],"confirmed":[240,261],"by":[241],"standard":[243],"therefore":[248],"considered":[249],"positive.":[251],"other":[254,271],"3,":[255],"(prevalence":[262],"3.3%,":[264],"95%":[265],"confidence":[266],"interval":[267],"1-9%).":[268],"all":[270,300],"normal":[279],"(cortisol":[280],"level":[281],"47.3":[282],"+/-":[283,287],"2.5":[284],"nmol/l":[285],"(mean":[286],"SEM)).":[288],"After":[289],"treatment":[291],"markedly":[297],"improved":[298],"5":[301],"(2":[303],"from":[304,308],"3":[307],"studies).":[310],"CONCLUSIONS:":[311],"appears":[325],"be":[327,340],"considerably":[328],"higher":[329],"than":[330],"previously":[331],"believed.":[332],"proved":[338],"simple,":[342],"sensitive":[343],"highly":[345],"specific":[346],"screening":[347],"for":[349],"despite":[352],"presence":[354],"obesity":[356],"hyperglycaemia.":[358]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}