{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2019568964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/259831","title":"Measuring Human Capital Returns","display_name":"Measuring Human Capital Returns","publication_year":1971,"publication_date":"1971-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2019568964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/259831","mag":"2019568964"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/259831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/259831","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/259831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95323914","display_name":"Journal of Political Economy","issn_l":"0022-3808","issn":["0022-3808","1537-534X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Political Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044829505","display_name":"Cotton M. Lindsay","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. M. Lindsay","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044829505"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.6239,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99379973,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"79","issue":"6","first_page":"1195","last_page":"1215"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13762","display_name":"Education and Labor Relations","score":0.007000000216066837,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital-investment","display_name":"human capital investment","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/returns-to-human-capital","display_name":"returns to human capital","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wealth-effects","display_name":"wealth effects","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-increases","display_name":"wage growth","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-bias","display_name":"measurement bias","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment-decisions","display_name":"investment decision-making","score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wealth-inequality","display_name":"wealth inequality","score":0.3700000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7947896718978882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.706615686416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.679561972618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777388388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213","display_name":"Wage","level":2,"score":0.6726200580596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691","display_name":"Economic shortage","level":3,"score":0.5651843547821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.5006539821624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57693453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7317193","display_name":"Return of capital","level":5,"score":0.4923795461654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.45475828647613525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169549615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q939134","display_name":"Return on investment","level":3,"score":0.44236642122268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.4327571392059326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.3332156538963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.30322784185409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26584437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6060874","display_name":"Investment performance","level":4,"score":0.2786884903907776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.1583651602268219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/259831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/259831","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/259831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95323914","display_name":"Journal of Political Economy","issn_l":"0022-3808","issn":["0022-3808","1537-534X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Political Economy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W102459420","https://openalex.org/W1973393754","https://openalex.org/W1983923283","https://openalex.org/W1997540950","https://openalex.org/W2008485163","https://openalex.org/W2046709716","https://openalex.org/W2046815904","https://openalex.org/W2114473954","https://openalex.org/W2121079333","https://openalex.org/W2122153309","https://openalex.org/W2127666253","https://openalex.org/W2289501648","https://openalex.org/W2799824293","https://openalex.org/W3124362032","https://openalex.org/W3202840840","https://openalex.org/W4253989249"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W782730003","https://openalex.org/W3216043729","https://openalex.org/W1566065576","https://openalex.org/W3113946897","https://openalex.org/W1976199439","https://openalex.org/W4385269402","https://openalex.org/W2077524976","https://openalex.org/W2809498895","https://openalex.org/W3121437483","https://openalex.org/W3122651836"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,32],"correct":[1,63],"measure":[2,37],"of":[3,14,26,50],"the":[4,11,15,19,48,51,79,114],"return":[5],"on":[6],"human":[7,107],"capital":[8,108],"investment":[9,20,28],"is":[10,30,38,68,88],"wealth":[12,101],"effect":[13],"wage":[16,81,111],"increase":[17],"which":[18,62],"makes":[21],"possible.":[22],"A":[23],"geometric":[24],"model":[25],"this":[27,65],"decision":[29],"examined.":[31],"currently":[33],"pervasive":[34],"\"income":[35],"difference\"":[36],"shown":[39,69,89],"to":[40,47,104],"contain":[41],"an":[42],"upward":[43],"bias":[44],"positively":[45],"related":[46],"size":[49],"investment.":[52],"Alternative":[53],"tests":[54],"for":[55,64],"\"shortage\"":[56],"and":[57],"\"surplus\"":[58],"conditions":[59],"are":[60,83],"developed":[61],"bias.":[66],"It":[67,86],"that":[70,90],"labor":[71],"supply":[72],"schedules":[73],"may":[74],"bend":[75],"backward":[76],"only":[77,95],"when":[78],"relevant":[80,115],"changes":[82],"incorrectly":[84],"anticipated.":[85],"also":[87],"among":[91],"individuals":[92],"who":[93],"differ":[94],"in":[96,106,113],"wealth,":[97],"those":[98],"with":[99],"less":[100],"will":[102],"elect":[103],"invest":[105],"at":[109],"lower":[110],"levels":[112],"employments.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}