{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2019548301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.10.4270","title":"Positive Darwinian evolution in human influenza A viruses.","display_name":"Positive Darwinian evolution in human influenza A viruses.","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2019548301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.10.4270","mag":"2019548301","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1840695","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/51640"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.88.10.4270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.10.4270","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.10.4270","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/51640","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110855006","display_name":"W M Fitch","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W M Fitch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036334890","display_name":"Josef M.E. Leiter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J M Leiter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"X Q Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"X Q Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004404612","display_name":"Peter Palese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0337-5823","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0337-5823"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P Palese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0847,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":325,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94851452,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"88","issue":"10","first_page":"4270","last_page":"4274"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.6582000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.6582000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10167","display_name":"Influenza Virus Research Studies","score":0.3402999937534332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10015","display_name":"Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/influenza-a-virus","display_name":"influenza A virus","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positive-selection","display_name":"positive selection","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemagglutinin-gene","display_name":"hemagglutinin gene","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epitopes","display_name":"antigenic determinants","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunosurveillance","display_name":"immune surveillance","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-evolution","display_name":"viral evolution","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amino-acid-substitutions","display_name":"amino acid substitutions","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-rates","display_name":"evolutionary rates","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-structural-genes","display_name":"non-structural genes","score":0.6549999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.7865789532661438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778692840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9136673","display_name":"Hemagglutinin (influenza)","level":3,"score":0.6713554859161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.6675763726234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.5710897445678711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196919123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183493","display_name":"Darwinism","level":2,"score":0.5702123641967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.5622804760932922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44465124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713623","display_name":"Clade","level":4,"score":0.5203070640563965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7842527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575258","display_name":"Antigenic drift","level":4,"score":0.47453320026397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.45290642976760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986302931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764759","display_name":"Positive selection","level":3,"score":0.4158722162246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.3418172001838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90132467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184","display_name":"Phylogenetics","level":3,"score":0.3301161527633667}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000595","descriptor_name":"Amino Acid Sequence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005814","descriptor_name":"Genes, Viral","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006389","descriptor_name":"Hemagglutinins, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006389","descriptor_name":"Hemagglutinins, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008969","descriptor_name":"Molecular Sequence Data","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009980","descriptor_name":"Influenza A virus","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.88.10.4270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.10.4270","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.10.4270","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:51640","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/51640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:1840695","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1840695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:51640","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/51640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4293857364","display_name":"Molecular Approaches to the Study of Evolution","funder_award_id":"8796183","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4822576511","display_name":"INFLUENZA VIRUS TRANSFECTANTS: PROBES FOR VIRAL &CELL.","funder_award_id":"R01AI011823","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519935290","https://openalex.org/W1655902188","https://openalex.org/W1894138156","https://openalex.org/W1977567513","https://openalex.org/W1984316285","https://openalex.org/W1984416131","https://openalex.org/W1990196323","https://openalex.org/W1995740571","https://openalex.org/W1998285838","https://openalex.org/W2009296046","https://openalex.org/W2024999105","https://openalex.org/W2041813145","https://openalex.org/W2046835815","https://openalex.org/W2047090744","https://openalex.org/W2056384440","https://openalex.org/W2062207296","https://openalex.org/W2077214326","https://openalex.org/W2079027243","https://openalex.org/W2081949838","https://openalex.org/W2086528371","https://openalex.org/W2130315111","https://openalex.org/W2154116964","https://openalex.org/W2242009754","https://openalex.org/W2266876246","https://openalex.org/W2403806464","https://openalex.org/W7097848445"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2124941338","https://openalex.org/W2081949838","https://openalex.org/W2038875886","https://openalex.org/W1996404764","https://openalex.org/W2145310559","https://openalex.org/W2109874333","https://openalex.org/W2978506995","https://openalex.org/W1976181680","https://openalex.org/W2905028594","https://openalex.org/W2044054342"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,37],"earlier":[1],"suggested":[2],"that":[3,40,66,102],"type":[4,67],"A":[5,68],"human":[6,69],"influenza":[7,70],"virus":[8,71],"genes":[9],"undergo":[10],"positive":[11,74],"Darwinian":[12,75],"selection":[13],"through":[14],"immune":[15],"surveillance.":[16],"This":[17],"requires":[18],"more":[19,45],"favorable":[20],"amino":[21,46],"acid":[22,47],"replacements":[23,48],"fixed":[24],"in":[25,49,52,61],"antigenic":[26,50],"sites":[27,51],"among":[28,33],"the":[29,34,53,56,62,86,90,94],"surviving":[30],"lineages":[31],"than":[32,60,85],"extinct":[35],"lineages.":[36],"now":[38],"show":[39],"viral":[41],"hemagglutinins":[42],"fix":[43],"proportionately":[44],"trunk":[54],"of":[55,93],"evolutionary":[57],"tree":[58],"(survivors)":[59],"branches":[63],"(nonsurvivors),":[64],"demonstrating":[65],"is":[72,80,97,104],"undergoing":[73],"evolution.":[76],"The":[77],"hemagglutinin":[78],"gene":[79,88],"evolving":[81],"3":[82],"times":[83],"faster":[84],"nonstructural":[87],"and":[89],"average":[91],"age":[92],"sampled":[95],"nonsurvivors":[96],"only":[98,106],"1.6":[99],"years,":[100],"so":[101],"extinction":[103],"not":[105],"common":[107],"but":[108],"rapid.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
