{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2019542017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.1994.tb00168.x","title":"Leadership Profiles, Situation and Effectiveness","display_name":"Leadership Profiles, Situation and Effectiveness","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2019542017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.1994.tb00168.x","mag":"2019542017"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1467-8691.1994.tb00168.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.1994.tb00168.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.1994.tb00168.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132285554","display_name":"Creativity and Innovation Management","issn_l":"0963-1690","issn":["0963-1690","1467-8691"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Creativity and Innovation Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109146743","display_name":"G\u00f6ran Ekvall","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00f6ran Ekvall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor of Organizational Psychology at the University of Lund, and Research Fellow at the FA Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor of Organizational Psychology at the University of Lund, and Research Fellow at the FA Institute, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002916255","display_name":"Jouko Arvonen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161593684","display_name":"Stockholm University","ror":"https://ror.org/05f0yaq80","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jouko Arvonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lecturer in Organizational Psychology and Doctoral candidate at the University of Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lecturer in Organizational Psychology and Doctoral candidate at the University of Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.8533,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":158,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96056122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"3","first_page":"139","last_page":"161"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12751","display_name":"Leadership and Management in Organizations","score":0.8862000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12751","display_name":"Leadership and Management in Organizations","score":0.8862000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14436","display_name":"Employee Performance and Leadership","score":0.07840000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10006","display_name":"Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior","score":0.012000000104308128,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leadership-styles","display_name":"leadership styles","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-oriented-leadership","display_name":"task-oriented leadership","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/people-oriented-leadership","display_name":"people-oriented leadership","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-oriented-leadership","display_name":"change-oriented leadership","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leadership-effectiveness","display_name":"leadership effectiveness","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contingency-theory","display_name":"contingency theory","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gardeners","display_name":"gardeners","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-by-objectives","display_name":"management by objectives","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-turbulence","display_name":"organizational turbulence","score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-cultural-leadership","display_name":"cross-cultural leadership","score":0.40400001406669617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776640315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315941","display_name":"Respondent","level":2,"score":0.8699179291725159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197386563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508686","display_name":"Leadership style","level":2,"score":0.678246021270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1792644","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","level":2,"score":0.6731817722320557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60297154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434943","display_name":"Contingency theory","level":2,"score":0.6195236444473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97508593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359069","display_name":"Contingency","level":2,"score":0.5982791781425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5956443548202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4999513626098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.4673975110054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4657825827598572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.45028433203697205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.43666544556617737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4251411259174347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.3242972791194916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.25718915462493896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.16918781399726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1549515724182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.15407013893127441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12470462918281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.11546781659126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1467-8691.1994.tb00168.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.1994.tb00168.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.1994.tb00168.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132285554","display_name":"Creativity and Innovation Management","issn_l":"0963-1690","issn":["0963-1690","1467-8691"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Creativity and Innovation Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4099999964237213}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33105240","https://openalex.org/W1531601252","https://openalex.org/W1532963222","https://openalex.org/W1915881832","https://openalex.org/W1964166581","https://openalex.org/W1965745595","https://openalex.org/W1986888845","https://openalex.org/W2014316836","https://openalex.org/W2032259564","https://openalex.org/W2049967872","https://openalex.org/W2052709674","https://openalex.org/W2069761226","https://openalex.org/W2107846035","https://openalex.org/W2122955616","https://openalex.org/W2226879180","https://openalex.org/W2321992585","https://openalex.org/W2330182811","https://openalex.org/W2333244511","https://openalex.org/W4245420133","https://openalex.org/W4252401843","https://openalex.org/W4315849292","https://openalex.org/W4400184103","https://openalex.org/W6631887704"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W773871934","https://openalex.org/W2171857264","https://openalex.org/W2739584578","https://openalex.org/W7043868595","https://openalex.org/W7029924777","https://openalex.org/W73425260","https://openalex.org/W1510994299","https://openalex.org/W2139827748","https://openalex.org/W7095626630","https://openalex.org/W4403507056"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,41],"paper":[1],"provides":[2],"a":[3,11,26,38,48],"research":[4],"report":[5],"on":[6],"leadership":[7],"styles":[8],"studied":[9],"in":[10,109,129],"range":[12],"of":[13,30,50,56,68,70,72,104],"countries,":[14],"industry":[15],"types":[16],"and":[17,37,79,88],"organization":[18],"levels.":[19],"Unequivocal":[20],"evidence":[21,103],"has":[22],"been":[23],"found":[24,65],"for":[25],"three":[27,74],"factor":[28,43],"model":[29],"style,":[31,71],"incorporating":[32],"the":[33,57,99,122,130],"well\u2010known,":[34],"task\u2010oriented/people\u2010oriented":[35],"factors,":[36],"change\u2010oriented":[39],"factor.":[40],"new":[42],"is":[44,97],"presumed":[45],"to":[46,127],"be":[47],"consequence":[49],"more":[51,86],"turbulent":[52],"environments.":[53],"Further":[54],"analysis":[55],"leader":[58],"reports":[59],"(supplied":[60],"by":[61,91],"3,857":[62],"respondent":[63],"\u2018followers\u2019)":[64],"ten":[66],"clusters":[67,123],"\u2018blends\u2019":[69],"which":[73],"\u2010":[75,82],"labelled":[76],"super\u2010leaders,":[77],"gardeners":[78],"MBO":[80],"leaders":[81],"were":[83],"consistently":[84],"rated":[85],"effective":[87],"most":[89],"liked":[90],"subordinates.":[92],"A":[93],"significant":[94],"theoretical":[95],"implication":[96],"that":[98],"results":[100],"showed":[101],"no":[102],"contingency":[105],"effects,":[106],"i.e.":[107],"variations":[108],"effectiveness,":[110],"across":[111],"broad":[112],"contexts":[113],"such":[114],"as":[115],"branch,":[116],"function":[117],"or":[118],"hierarchic":[119],"level,":[120],"although":[121],"differed":[124],"with":[125],"regard":[126],"representation":[128],"different":[131],"contexts.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-18T09:31:52.927876","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
