{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2019505028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilj/31.2.113","title":"Access vs Process in Employment Discrimination: Why ADR Suits the US but not the UK","display_name":"Access vs Process in Employment Discrimination: Why ADR Suits the US but not the UK","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2019505028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilj/31.2.113","mag":"2019505028"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ilj/31.2.113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilj/31.2.113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilj/31.2.113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75019429","display_name":"Industrial Law Journal","issn_l":"0305-9332","issn":["0305-9332","1464-3669"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial Law Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/file/1623026/1/Accepted%20Journal%20Article","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114247334","display_name":"Aaron Baker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8744-2159","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8744-2159","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7189-3419"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114247334"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3066,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4043},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.8367,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97814553,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"2","first_page":"113","last_page":"134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13191","display_name":"Dispute Resolution and Class Actions","score":0.5835000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13191","display_name":"Dispute Resolution and Class Actions","score":0.5835000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13170","display_name":"Discrimination and Equality Law","score":0.3617999851703644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13088","display_name":"Legal and Labor Studies","score":0.031099999323487282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1410","display_name":"Industrial relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-discrimination","display_name":"employment discrimination","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternative-dispute-resolution","display_name":"alternative dispute resolution","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acas","display_name":"ACAS","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-tribunal","display_name":"employment tribunal","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conciliation","display_name":"conciliation","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensation-for-discrimination","display_name":"compensation for discrimination","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-justice","display_name":"access to justice","score":0.6579999923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175762713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479560","display_name":"Conciliation","level":3,"score":0.8693214654922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412224","display_name":"Tribunal","level":2,"score":0.8492330312728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160151201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207946","display_name":"Arbitration","level":2,"score":0.7930420637130737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.5759602785110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7457830","display_name":"Severance","level":2,"score":0.5680330395698547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139997747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438484","display_name":"Alternative dispute resolution","level":3,"score":0.5225136280059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204434341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357789","display_name":"Adjudication","level":2,"score":0.522231936454773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131676636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282696","display_name":"Dispute resolution","level":2,"score":0.5143097639083862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5040596723556519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.46298304200172424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4465199410915375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994519032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2606784","display_name":"Employment discrimination","level":2,"score":0.4348069727420807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780870317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5384153","display_name":"Equal employment opportunity","level":3,"score":0.43302568793296814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.42994797229766846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781354396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840407","display_name":"Enthusiasm","level":2,"score":0.4287208020687103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179420905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223871","display_name":"Mediation","level":2,"score":0.42030981183052063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.3203292489051819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08602657914161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/ilj/31.2.113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilj/31.2.113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilj/31.2.113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75019429","display_name":"Industrial Law Journal","issn_l":"0305-9332","issn":["0305-9332","1464-3669"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial Law Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dro.dur.ac.uk.OAI2:3321","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dro.dur.ac.uk/3321/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Industrial law journal, 2002, Vol.31(2), pp.113-134 [Peer Reviewed Journal]","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:durham-repository.worktribe.com:1623026","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/file/1623026/1/Accepted%20Journal%20Article","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/:1623026","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1623026","pdf_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1623042/3321.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:durham-repository.worktribe.com:1623026","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/file/1623026/1/Accepted%20Journal%20Article","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7297000288963318,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7257999777793884,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2019505028.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2019505028.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406498871","https://openalex.org/W1503481843","https://openalex.org/W2146736779","https://openalex.org/W4402412264","https://openalex.org/W2936284914","https://openalex.org/W378258400","https://openalex.org/W7220655306","https://openalex.org/W7064123130","https://openalex.org/W1535385323","https://openalex.org/W3123828398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,120],"article":[1],"compares":[2],"the":[3,12,15,26,38,46,60,77,83,93,114,118,124,131,148],"legal":[4],"systems":[5],"for":[6,108],"resolving":[7],"employment":[8,111,145],"discrimination":[9,112,146],"claims":[10,43],"in":[11,72,110,113,117,147],"US":[13,39,61,115,132],"and":[14,25,57,67,86,140],"UK,":[16],"with":[17],"particular":[18],"attention":[19],"to":[20,45,59,92,100,142],"court":[21],"or":[22],"tribunal":[23],"procedures":[24],"use":[27],"of":[28,41,136,144],"alternative":[29],"dispute":[30],"resolution":[31],"(ADR)":[32],"techniques.":[33],"The":[34],"comparison":[35],"reveals":[36],"that":[37,123],"system":[40,79],"bringing":[42],"first":[44],"investigative":[47],"\u2013":[48,51],"but":[49,69],"non\u2010adjudicative":[50],"Equal":[52],"Employment":[53,94],"Opportunities":[54],"Commission":[55],"(EEOC)":[56],"then":[58],"Federal":[62],"Courts":[63],"takes":[64],"more":[65],"time":[66],"money,":[68],"results":[70],"often":[71],"higher":[73],"compensation,":[74],"than":[75,116],"does":[76],"UK":[78,125],"involving":[80],"conciliation":[81],"by":[82],"Advisory,":[84],"Conciliation,":[85],"Arbitration":[87],"Service":[88],"(ACAS)":[89],"before":[90],"resort":[91],"Tribunals.":[95],"From":[96],"this":[97],"difference":[98],"appears":[99],"follow":[101],"a":[102],"much":[103],"greater":[104],"enthusiasm,":[105],"even":[106],"desperation,":[107],"ADR":[109],"UK.":[119],"piece":[121],"suggests":[122],"may":[126],"not":[127],"need":[128],"ADR,":[129],"as":[130],"clearly":[133],"does,":[134],"because":[135],"different":[137],"overall":[138],"approaches":[139],"attitudes":[141],"remediation":[143],"two":[149],"countries.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}