{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2019144775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05867.x","title":"The vulnerability/stress model of schizophrenic relapse: a longitudinal study","display_name":"The vulnerability/stress model of schizophrenic relapse: a longitudinal study","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2019144775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05867.x","mag":"2019144775","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8091999"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05867.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05867.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05867.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199498439","display_name":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica","issn_l":"0001-690X","issn":["0001-690X","1600-0447"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067023244","display_name":"Keith H. Nuechterlein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8179-8952","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8179-8952"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K. H. Nuechterlein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles 90024-6968"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles 90024-6968","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110898452","display_name":"Michael E. Dawson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. E. Dawson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA","University of California at Los Angeles**"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Los Angeles**","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014176970","display_name":"Joseph Ventura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9242-7903","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9242-7903"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Ventura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles","University of California at Los Angeles**"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Los Angeles**","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010205978","display_name":"Michael J Gitlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-9649","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-9649"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Gitlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles","University of California at Los Angeles**"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Los Angeles**","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048077014","display_name":"Kenneth L. Subotnik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0587-7285","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0587-7285"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. L. Subotnik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles","University of California at Los Angeles**"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Los Angeles**","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109245241","display_name":"Karen Sorensen Snyder","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. S. Snyder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles","University of California at Los Angeles**"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Los Angeles**","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"J. Mintz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Mintz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles","University of California at Los Angeles**"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Los Angeles**","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073660758","display_name":"George Bartzokis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Bartzokis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles","University of California at Los Angeles**"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Los Angeles**","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067023244"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":{"value":4880,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4880},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6679,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":194,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89296286,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"89","issue":"s382","first_page":"58","last_page":"64"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10023","display_name":"Schizophrenia research and treatment","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10023","display_name":"Schizophrenia research and treatment","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12980","display_name":"Family Caregiving in Mental Illness","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12308","display_name":"Mental Health and Psychiatry","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schizophrenia","display_name":"schizophrenia","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychotic-relapse","display_name":"psychotic relapse","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress-vulnerability-model","display_name":"vulnerability-stress model","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protective-factors","display_name":"protective factors","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expressed-emotion","display_name":"expressed emotion","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrence-prediction","display_name":"recurrence prediction","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-stressors","display_name":"environmental stressors","score":0.7670000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125370674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1527480","display_name":"Stressor","level":2,"score":0.7643150687217712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.7068042755126953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780494398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208144","display_name":"Antipsychotic","level":3,"score":0.6652060747146606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6631444692611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5906304717063904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.5355441570281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.4611651301383972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779727114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170082","display_name":"Psychosis","level":2,"score":0.4609224796295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310684","display_name":"Relapse prevention","level":2,"score":0.4339006543159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777895361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758614","display_name":"Longitudinal study","level":2,"score":0.42338818311691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2716319262981415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002908","descriptor_name":"Chronic Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008016","descriptor_name":"Life Change Events","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008137","descriptor_name":"Longitudinal Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012008","descriptor_name":"Recurrence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012931","descriptor_name":"Social Environment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013315","descriptor_name":"Stress, Psychological","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05867.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05867.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05867.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199498439","display_name":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica","issn_l":"0001-690X","issn":["0001-690X","1600-0447"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8091999","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8091999","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum","raw_type":"Clinical Trial"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.98580002784729,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W140446716","https://openalex.org/W1964007647","https://openalex.org/W1975042923","https://openalex.org/W1976408965","https://openalex.org/W1981838182","https://openalex.org/W1989284825","https://openalex.org/W1992212731","https://openalex.org/W2003488688","https://openalex.org/W2025021427","https://openalex.org/W2042694515","https://openalex.org/W2077822166","https://openalex.org/W2087295904","https://openalex.org/W2088050656","https://openalex.org/W2090290026","https://openalex.org/W2096029767","https://openalex.org/W2099626510","https://openalex.org/W2107287538","https://openalex.org/W2124060650","https://openalex.org/W2139581174","https://openalex.org/W2164948723","https://openalex.org/W2416789564","https://openalex.org/W2477374388","https://openalex.org/W2490601289","https://openalex.org/W4301968091"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981838182","https://openalex.org/W2164645557","https://openalex.org/W2147527213","https://openalex.org/W2962680837","https://openalex.org/W2416789564","https://openalex.org/W2087295904","https://openalex.org/W1969922010","https://openalex.org/W1992212731","https://openalex.org/W195499061","https://openalex.org/W4323321039"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,21,109],"tentative":[1],"model":[2],"for":[3,93],"conceptualizing":[4],"the":[5,15,24,34,59,91],"interplay":[6],"of":[7,17,23,37,45,61,73,95],"vulnerability":[8],"factors,":[9],"stressors,":[10],"and":[11,52],"protective":[12,117],"factors":[13],"in":[14,76],"course":[16],"schizophrenia":[18],"is":[19,32],"discussed.":[20],"study":[22],"initial":[25,42],"years":[26],"after":[27],"a":[28,74,80,116],"first":[29],"schizophrenic":[30],"episode":[31],"testing":[33],"predictive":[35],"role":[36,75],"key":[38],"factors.":[39],"During":[40],"an":[41],"1-year":[43],"period":[44],"depot":[46],"antipsychotic":[47,88],"medication,":[48],"independent":[49,68],"life":[50,69],"events":[51,70],"expressed":[53,111],"emotion":[54,112],"were":[55],"found":[56],"to":[57],"predict":[58],"likelihood":[60],"psychotic":[62,96],"relapse.":[63],"Initial":[64],"analyses":[65],"indicate":[66],"that":[67,86,99],"play":[71],"less":[72,102],"relapse":[77],"prediction":[78],"during":[79],"medication-free":[81],"period.":[82],"These":[83],"results":[84],"suggest":[85],"maintenance":[87],"medication":[89],"raises":[90],"threshold":[92],"return":[94],"symptoms,":[97],"such":[98],"relapses":[100],"are":[101],"likely":[103],"unless":[104],"major":[105],"environmental":[106],"stressors":[107],"occur.":[108],"low":[110],"environment":[113],"may":[114],"be":[115],"factor.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}