{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018970719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icfhr.2014.54","title":"Fast and Robust Training of Recurrent Neural Networks for Offline Handwriting Recognition","display_name":"Fast and Robust Training of Recurrent Neural Networks for Offline Handwriting Recognition","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018970719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icfhr.2014.54","mag":"2018970719"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icfhr.2014.54","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icfhr.2014.54","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icfhr.2014.54","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419466","display_name":"International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 14th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082582385","display_name":"Patrick Doetsch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0359-3027","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0359-3027"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Doetsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik 6, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","Comput. Sci. Dept., RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen, Germany#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik 6, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comput. Sci. Dept., RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen, Germany#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Michal Kozielski","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michal Kozielski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik 6, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","Comput. Sci. Dept., RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen, Germany#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik 6, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comput. Sci. Dept., RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen, Germany#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112501010","display_name":"Hermann Ney","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hermann Ney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik 6, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","Comput. Sci. Dept., RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen, Germany#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Informatik 6, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comput. Sci. Dept., RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen, Germany#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.1544,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":169,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98318601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"279","last_page":"284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offline-handwriting-recognition","display_name":"offline handwriting recognition","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-short-term-memory","display_name":"long short-term memory","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-networks","display_name":"recurrent neural networks","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gating-function","display_name":"gating function","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mini-batch-training","display_name":"mini-batch training","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-efficiency","display_name":"training efficiency","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpu-acceleration","display_name":"GPU acceleration","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-handwriting","display_name":"English handwriting","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/french-handwriting","display_name":"French handwriting","score":0.9990000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8238131403923035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.810143232345581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203357204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089605","display_name":"Chunking (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7072305679321289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.6084272861480713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.5746598243713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5463042259216309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5315693616867065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5010590553283691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.44553378224372864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.44427961111068726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3934853971004486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3652808964252472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.16682115197181702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icfhr.2014.54","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icfhr.2014.54","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icfhr.2014.54","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419466","display_name":"International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 14th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:671111","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/671111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401362","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2014 14th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR 2014) : Hersonissos, Crete Island, Greece, 1 - 4 September 2014 ; [proceedings] / IEEE<br/>14. International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, ICFHR- 2014, Hersonissos, Greece, 2014-09-01 - 2014-09-04","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525783482","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1674799117","https://openalex.org/W1815076433","https://openalex.org/W1822371218","https://openalex.org/W1899504021","https://openalex.org/W1995574284","https://openalex.org/W2021043164","https://openalex.org/W2061994628","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2084859622","https://openalex.org/W2099052794","https://openalex.org/W2106225808","https://openalex.org/W2110485445","https://openalex.org/W2139975583","https://openalex.org/W2144499799","https://openalex.org/W2147393756","https://openalex.org/W2152175008","https://openalex.org/W2152928267","https://openalex.org/W2168504305","https://openalex.org/W2587486463","https://openalex.org/W7066459846","https://openalex.org/W7095449876"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2573601984","https://openalex.org/W2232799715","https://openalex.org/W3035151498","https://openalex.org/W7099568081","https://openalex.org/W1987937363","https://openalex.org/W2171312815","https://openalex.org/W3112540692","https://openalex.org/W2167898728","https://openalex.org/W3105216168","https://openalex.org/W7097978842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"we":[3],"demonstrate":[4],"a":[5,35,43,63],"modified":[6],"topology":[7],"for":[8],"long":[9],"short-term":[10],"memory":[11],"recurrent":[12,76],"neural":[13,77],"networks":[14],"that":[15],"controls":[16],"the":[17,20,84],"shape":[18],"of":[19,68,83],"squashing":[21],"functions":[22],"in":[23,74],"gating":[24],"units.":[25],"We":[26],"further":[27],"propose":[28],"an":[29],"efficient":[30],"training":[31,37,75],"framework":[32,48],"based":[33,65],"on":[34,38,51],"mini-batch":[36],"sequence":[39,44],"level":[40],"combined":[41],"with":[42],"chunking":[45],"approach.":[46],"The":[47],"is":[49],"evaluated":[50],"publicly":[52],"available":[53],"data":[54],"sets":[55],"containing":[56],"English":[57],"and":[58],"French":[59],"handwriting":[60],"by":[61],"utilizing":[62],"GPU":[64],"implementation.":[66],"Speedups":[67],"more":[69],"than":[70],"3x":[71],"are":[72],"achieved":[73],"network":[78],"models":[79],"which":[80],"outperform":[81],"state":[82],"art":[85],"recognition":[86],"results.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
