{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018967833","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.363879","title":"Optical power limiting in some azulenic compounds","display_name":"Optical power limiting in some azulenic compounds","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018967833","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.363879","mag":"2018967833"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.363879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.363879","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.363879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084676069","display_name":"Brian R. Kimball","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799998900","display_name":"Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00qa9vw67","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799998900","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088792","display_name":"United States Army","ror":"https://ror.org/00afsp483","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian R. Kimball","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army Soldier Systems Command/Natick (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Soldier Systems Command/Natick (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799998900","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110478618","display_name":"Masato Nakashima","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799998900","display_name":"Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00qa9vw67","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799998900","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088792","display_name":"United States Army","ror":"https://ror.org/00afsp483","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masato Nakashima","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army Soldier Systems Command/Natick (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Soldier Systems Command/Natick (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799998900","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014064453","display_name":"Barry S. DeCristofano","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799998900","display_name":"Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00qa9vw67","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799998900","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088792","display_name":"United States Army","ror":"https://ror.org/00afsp483","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barry S. DeCristofano","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army Soldier Systems Command/Natick (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Soldier Systems Command/Natick (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799998900","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068755815","display_name":"Appaji Panchangam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33434090","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Boston","ror":"https://ror.org/04ydmy275","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Appaji Panchangam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Massachusetts/Boston (United States)","University of Massachusetts--Boston, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Massachusetts/Boston (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts--Boston, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029887737","display_name":"Sriraj K. Bhadra","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33434090","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Boston","ror":"https://ror.org/04ydmy275","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sriraj K. Bhadra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Massachusetts/Boston (United States)","University of Massachusetts--Boston, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Massachusetts/Boston (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts--Boston, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115588430","display_name":"Devulapalli V. G. L. N. Rao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33434090","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Boston","ror":"https://ror.org/04ydmy275","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Devulapalli V. G. L. N. Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Massachusetts/Boston (United States)","University of Massachusetts--Boston, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Massachusetts/Boston (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts--Boston, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Francisco J. Aranda","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco J. Aranda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Lab, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Lab, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109183535","display_name":"Alfred E. Asato","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","display_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","ror":"https://ror.org/01wspgy28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfred E. Asato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Hawaii/Manoa (United States)","University of Hawaii, Manoa, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Hawaii/Manoa (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hawaii, Manoa, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081271532","display_name":"Robert S. H. Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","display_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","ror":"https://ror.org/01wspgy28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert S. H. Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Hawaii/Manoa (United States)","University of Hawaii, Manoa, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Hawaii/Manoa (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hawaii, Manoa, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2858,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76797058,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"3798","issue":null,"first_page":"32","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11788","display_name":"Nonlinear Optical Materials Studies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11788","display_name":"Nonlinear Optical Materials Studies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11025","display_name":"Nonlinear Optical Materials Research","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11708","display_name":"Photochromic and Fluorescence Chemistry","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azulene-derivatives","display_name":"azulene derivatives","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-limiting","display_name":"optical limiting","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/third-order-nonlinear-susceptibility","display_name":"third-order nonlinear susceptibility","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-saturable-absorption","display_name":"reverse saturable absorption","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degenerate-four-wave-mixing","display_name":"degenerate four-wave mixing","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/z-scan","display_name":"Z-scan","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/femtosecond-pulses","display_name":"femtosecond pulses","score":0.8330000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78854221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756033","display_name":"Nonlinear optics","level":3,"score":0.6260089874267578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125287762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","level":2,"score":0.5756714344024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.5560949444770813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991936344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756033","display_name":"Nonlinear optical","level":3,"score":0.5241113901138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72319582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584304","display_name":"Degenerate energy levels","level":2,"score":0.485854834318161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191161701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559265","display_name":"Optical power","level":3,"score":0.4718083143234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146363664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424759","display_name":"Four-wave mixing","level":4,"score":0.4675143361091614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186490462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8062843","display_name":"Z-scan technique","level":4,"score":0.4345911145210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4280337691307068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.41076022386550903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.38931459188461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.3713352084159851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.35319703817367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.3505627512931824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2680240273475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.18132224678993225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.363879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.363879","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.363879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976624702","https://openalex.org/W2085490981","https://openalex.org/W1987378383","https://openalex.org/W2027154012","https://openalex.org/W2050530075","https://openalex.org/W1985938890","https://openalex.org/W222078541","https://openalex.org/W2410907863","https://openalex.org/W1530878984","https://openalex.org/W2314084701"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"series":[1],"of":[2,45,73],"azulenic":[3],"compounds":[4,16,47,75],"are":[5,13,17,48],"synthesized":[6],"and":[7,26],"their":[8],"third-order":[9,39],"nonlinear":[10,40],"optical":[11,41],"properties":[12],"determined.":[14],"The":[15],"studied":[18],"in":[19,49],"solution":[20],"using":[21],"degenerate":[22],"four":[23],"wave":[24],"mixing":[25],"z-scan":[27],"at":[28],"532":[29],"nm":[30],"with":[31,65],"30":[32],"ps":[33],"pulses.":[34],"Extrapolated":[35],"values":[36],"for":[37,71],"the":[38,46,50,74],"susceptibility":[42],"(chi)":[43],"(3)":[44],"range":[51],"10-9":[52],"to":[53],"10-8":[54],"esu.":[55],"Z-scan":[56],"results":[57],"indicate":[58],"reverse":[59],"saturable":[60],"absorption.":[61],"Optical":[62],"power":[63],"limiting":[64],"a":[66],"f/5":[67],"system":[68],"is":[69],"demonstrated":[70],"all":[72],"studied.":[76]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
