{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018934780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl033697","title":"Increasing frequencies of warm and humid air masses over the conterminous United States from 1948 to 2005","display_name":"Increasing frequencies of warm and humid air masses over the conterminous United States from 1948 to 2005","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018934780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl033697","mag":"2018934780"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2008gl033697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl033697","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl033697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36624081","display_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","issn_l":"0094-8276","issn":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David B. Knight","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David B. Knight","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences,, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences,, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084253443","display_name":"Robert E. L. Davis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3969-878X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3969-878X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert E. Davis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences,, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences,, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034635720","display_name":"Scott Christopher Sheridan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6928-6524","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6928-6524"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott C. Sheridan","raw_affiliation_strings":["[Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077194300","display_name":"David M. Hondula","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2465-2671","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2465-2671"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David M. Hondula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences,, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences,, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015240296","display_name":"Luke J. Sitka","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luke J. Sitka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences,, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences,, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111549129","display_name":"Michael L. Deaton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11883440","display_name":"James Madison University","ror":"https://ror.org/028pmsz77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Deaton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Integrated Science and Technology James Madison University Harrisonburg Virginia USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Integrated Science and Technology James Madison University Harrisonburg Virginia USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088924165","display_name":"Temple R. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5388-6325","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5388-6325"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Temple R. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences,, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences,, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046767378","display_name":"Stephen D. Gawtry","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen D. Gawtry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences,, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences,, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059251161","display_name":"Philip J. Stenger","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip J. Stenger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences,, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences,, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Francesco Mazzei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Mazzei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001228279","display_name":"Barrett P. Kenny","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barrett P. Kenny","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Chemistry and Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Chemistry and Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6966,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82577456,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"10","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13530","display_name":"Climate Change and Environmental Impact","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"climate change","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-synoptic-classification","display_name":"spatial synoptic classification","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/north-atlantic-oscillation","display_name":"North Atlantic Oscillation","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pacific-north-american-teleconnection","display_name":"Pacific-North American teleconnection","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic-oscillation","display_name":"Arctic Oscillation","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/el-nino-southern-oscillation","display_name":"ENSO","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/winter-climate-variability","display_name":"winter climate variability","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas-increase","display_name":"greenhouse gas increase","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contiguous-united-states","display_name":"contiguous United States","score":0.8650000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123576220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3982797","display_name":"Teleconnection","level":3,"score":0.8715732097625732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.7104887962341309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17093552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137345","display_name":"North Atlantic oscillation","level":2,"score":0.7048131227493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6793887615203857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.6440967917442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83404686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q537536","display_name":"Warm front","level":2,"score":0.6282020807266235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204861789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4698340","display_name":"Air mass (solar energy)","level":3,"score":0.6248214840888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14932015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674041","display_name":"Arctic oscillation","level":3,"score":0.5669993758201599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994323764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741","display_name":"Surface air temperature","level":3,"score":0.5654166340827942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.4787432551383972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.47332534193992615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154808844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2033747","display_name":"Pacific decadal oscillation","level":3,"score":0.4718194901943207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4534986615180969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518008717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"Arctic","level":2,"score":0.4159889817237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507956050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14524818","display_name":"El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation","level":2,"score":0.29129087924957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22754424810409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.22533372044563293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20833569765090942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.10062423348426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778835443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39061","display_name":"Northern Hemisphere","level":2,"score":0.06593212485313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111603439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752193","display_name":"Boundary layer","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/2008gl033697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl033697","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl033697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36624081","display_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","issn_l":"0094-8276","issn":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W617039848","https://openalex.org/W1586973386","https://openalex.org/W1978905730","https://openalex.org/W1986368236","https://openalex.org/W1992934643","https://openalex.org/W1993378799","https://openalex.org/W2000525955","https://openalex.org/W2010696701","https://openalex.org/W2020297738","https://openalex.org/W2063226298","https://openalex.org/W2064817129","https://openalex.org/W2068556441","https://openalex.org/W2080671954","https://openalex.org/W2103115126","https://openalex.org/W2114701864","https://openalex.org/W2125863264","https://openalex.org/W2126884669","https://openalex.org/W2131022903","https://openalex.org/W2151659785","https://openalex.org/W3022393745","https://openalex.org/W4230682300"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W137101490","https://openalex.org/W2131022903","https://openalex.org/W2126884669","https://openalex.org/W4206199653","https://openalex.org/W2059607445","https://openalex.org/W1986368236","https://openalex.org/W4211037100","https://openalex.org/W2897047528","https://openalex.org/W3075292254","https://openalex.org/W2915661734"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Time":[0],"series":[1],"of":[2,77,113],"individual":[3],"climate":[4,18],"variables,":[5],"such":[6],"as":[7],"air":[8,26,38,54,72,80],"temperature":[9],"and":[10,50,106],"precipitation,":[11],"have":[12,23,28],"been":[13],"thoroughly":[14],"examined":[15],"to":[16,41],"evaluate":[17],"change,":[19],"but":[20],"few":[21],"studies":[22],"evaluated":[24],"how":[25],"masses":[27,73],"varied":[29],"over":[30,57],"time.":[31],"We":[32,66],"use":[33],"the":[34,58,62,75,96],"Spatial":[35],"Synoptic":[36],"Classification":[37],"mass":[39,55],"approach":[40],"classify":[42],"multivariate":[43],"meteorological":[44],"surface":[45],"variables":[46],"into":[47],"discrete":[48],"groups":[49],"examine":[51],"trends":[52,116],"in":[53,69,85,95,117],"frequencies":[56],"period":[59],"1948\u20132005":[60],"for":[61],"continental":[63],"United":[64],"States.":[65],"observe":[67],"increases":[68],"warm,":[70],"moist":[71],"at":[74],"expense":[76],"cold,":[78],"dry":[79],"masses,":[81],"consistent":[82],"with":[83,88],"expectations":[84],"an":[86],"atmosphere":[87],"increasing":[89],"greenhouse":[90],"gas":[91],"concentrations.":[92],"Temporal":[93],"variations":[94],"North":[97],"Atlantic":[98],"Oscillation,":[99,105],"Pacific/North":[100],"American":[101],"teleconnection":[102],"pattern,":[103],"Arctic":[104],"El":[107],"Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern":[108],"Oscillation":[109],"partially":[110],"explain":[111],"some":[112],"these":[114],"observed":[115],"winter.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}