{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018867916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.12","title":"Toxicological Evaluations of Rare Earths and Their Health Impacts to Workers: A Literature Review","display_name":"Toxicological Evaluations of Rare Earths and Their Health Impacts to Workers: A Literature Review","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018867916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.12","mag":"2018867916","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23516020","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3601293"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.12","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.12","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.12","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2093791113410028/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765035337","display_name":"Safety and Health at Work","issn_l":"2093-7911","issn":["2093-7911","2093-7997"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","kci-candidate","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Safety and Health at Work","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2093791113410028/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079730649","display_name":"Kyung-Taek Rim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6443-6362","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6443-6362"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405270126","display_name":"Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/004630j04","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405270126"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I912834043","display_name":"Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/00qj2j544","country_code":"KR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I912834043"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyung Taek Rim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Chemical Safety and Health, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Daejeon, Korea","Center for Chemical Safety and Health, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Daejeon,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Chemical Safety and Health, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Daejeon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405270126","https://openalex.org/I912834043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Chemical Safety and Health, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Daejeon,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405270126","https://openalex.org/I912834043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024355165","display_name":"Kwon Ho Koo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I912834043","display_name":"Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/00qj2j544","country_code":"KR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I912834043"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwon Ho Koo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I912834043"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111815448","display_name":"Jung Sun Park","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405270126","display_name":"Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/004630j04","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405270126"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I912834043","display_name":"Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/00qj2j544","country_code":"KR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I912834043"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jung Sun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Incheon, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Incheon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405270126","https://openalex.org/I912834043"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079730649"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405270126","https://openalex.org/I912834043"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":9.8052,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":475,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99136502,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"12","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10790","display_name":"Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10790","display_name":"Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10447","display_name":"Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10079","display_name":"Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rare-earth-elements","display_name":"rare earth elements","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rare-earth-nanomaterials","display_name":"rare earth nanomaterials","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-exposure","display_name":"occupational exposure","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-health","display_name":"occupational health","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxicology","display_name":"toxicology","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarkers","display_name":"biomarkers","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hazard-assessment","display_name":"hazard assessment","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"risk assessment","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epidemiological-studies","display_name":"epidemiological studies","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-health-protection","display_name":"occupational health protection","score":0.453000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987857752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147","display_name":"Human health","level":2,"score":0.5575453639030457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.5266989469528198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987920364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Health hazard","level":2,"score":0.524506688117981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4952782690525055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.45663052797317505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187155963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Occupational safety and health","level":2,"score":0.4438351094722748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987845665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17072363","display_name":"Occupational exposure","level":2,"score":0.42315608263015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3729255199432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3655073046684265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.14837974309921265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0914711058139801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.12","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.12","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.12","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2093791113410028/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765035337","display_name":"Safety and Health at Work","issn_l":"2093-7911","issn":["2093-7911","2093-7997"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","kci-candidate","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Safety and Health at Work","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2600884","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3601293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3601293","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3601293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Saf Health Work","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:23516020","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23516020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Safety and health at work","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.775.354","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.775.354","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/80/c3/shaw-4-12.PMC3601293.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:41f49977d4f5481bbb38e853b7072950","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/41f49977d4f5481bbb38e853b7072950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Safety and Health at Work, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 12-26 (2013)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.12","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.12","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.12","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2093791113410028/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765035337","display_name":"Safety and Health at Work","issn_l":"2093-7911","issn":["2093-7911","2093-7997"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","kci-candidate","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Safety and Health at Work","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319837","display_name":"Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/004630j04"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2018867916.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2018867916.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11333078","https://openalex.org/W29676990","https://openalex.org/W94954576","https://openalex.org/W132750690","https://openalex.org/W195635648","https://openalex.org/W373659586","https://openalex.org/W842920527","https://openalex.org/W1513897295","https://openalex.org/W1966533197","https://openalex.org/W1969883222","https://openalex.org/W1975253950","https://openalex.org/W1976163619","https://openalex.org/W1981792786","https://openalex.org/W1986850558","https://openalex.org/W1990405697","https://openalex.org/W1990778262","https://openalex.org/W1991456351","https://openalex.org/W1991717643","https://openalex.org/W1995690836","https://openalex.org/W1995922817","https://openalex.org/W1999196712","https://openalex.org/W2006933992","https://openalex.org/W2006984498","https://openalex.org/W2008170419","https://openalex.org/W2012498520","https://openalex.org/W2013023571","https://openalex.org/W2021815451","https://openalex.org/W2021855322","https://openalex.org/W2022556212","https://openalex.org/W2026979574","https://openalex.org/W2032721623","https://openalex.org/W2046860151","https://openalex.org/W2047874213","https://openalex.org/W2049392486","https://openalex.org/W2050280649","https://openalex.org/W2060851302","https://openalex.org/W2063312509","https://openalex.org/W2065847294","https://openalex.org/W2067488965","https://openalex.org/W2070025387","https://openalex.org/W2083516894","https://openalex.org/W2091504158","https://openalex.org/W2095020736","https://openalex.org/W2095045555","https://openalex.org/W2095105313","https://openalex.org/W2098535325","https://openalex.org/W2110639369","https://openalex.org/W2113002917","https://openalex.org/W2123513609","https://openalex.org/W2124676127","https://openalex.org/W2129752691","https://openalex.org/W2130897794","https://openalex.org/W2132917989","https://openalex.org/W2140027387","https://openalex.org/W2141595260","https://openalex.org/W2146359376","https://openalex.org/W2247087045","https://openalex.org/W2340156716","https://openalex.org/W2358627998","https://openalex.org/W2358721873","https://openalex.org/W2368093834","https://openalex.org/W2379067724","https://openalex.org/W2386838268","https://openalex.org/W2387519418","https://openalex.org/W2394911435","https://openalex.org/W2398059446","https://openalex.org/W2400109380","https://openalex.org/W2410633117","https://openalex.org/W2415782381","https://openalex.org/W2417134879","https://openalex.org/W3149463785","https://openalex.org/W3184695515","https://openalex.org/W6711012402","https://openalex.org/W6712173714","https://openalex.org/W6798569976","https://openalex.org/W7043456918"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2891093406","https://openalex.org/W748530333","https://openalex.org/W2971351734","https://openalex.org/W7096490841","https://openalex.org/W4297902130","https://openalex.org/W2050988691","https://openalex.org/W4238296493","https://openalex.org/W4396216746","https://openalex.org/W4391735018","https://openalex.org/W4410271033"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"concert":[1],"with":[2,77,124,129],"the":[3,9,12,73,88,98,119,130,149,165,172,177,192,197,201,205],"development":[4],"of":[5,17,29,35,72,91,122,132,151,179,200,207],"new":[6,24],"materials":[7,19,25],"in":[8,41,75,78,81,204],"last":[10],"decade,":[11],"need":[13],"for":[14,135,146,162,222],"toxicological":[15,89,174,193],"studies":[16,107,194],"these":[18,92],"has":[20],"been":[21],"increasing.":[22],"These":[23],"include":[26],"a":[27,140,215],"group":[28],"rare":[30],"earths":[31],"(RE).":[32],"The":[33],"use":[34,150],"RE":[36,52,127,147,185,202,223],"nanotechnology":[37],"is":[38,153,188],"being":[39],"considered":[40],"some":[42],"green":[43],"applications,":[44],"to":[45,155,160,184,190,195,213],"increase":[46],"their":[47],"efficiency":[48],"by":[49],"using":[50,126],"nano-sized":[51],"compounds,":[53,186],"and":[54,58,80,94,100,104,108,110,142,182,218],"therefore":[55],"hazard":[56],"evaluation":[57],"risk":[59],"assessment":[60],"are":[61],"highly":[62],"recommended.":[63],"This":[64,210],"review":[65,191],"was":[66],"conducted":[67],"through":[68],"an":[69],"extensive":[70],"contemplation":[71],"literatures":[74],"toxicology":[76],"vitro":[79],"vivo":[82],"studies.":[83],"Major":[84],"aspects":[85],"reviewed":[86],"were":[87],"evaluations":[90],"elements":[93],"metallic":[95],"compounds":[96,203],"at":[97],"molecular":[99],"cellular":[101],"level,":[102],"animal":[103],"human":[105],"epidemiological":[106],"environmental":[109],"occupational":[111,208],"health":[112,166],"impacts":[113],"on":[114,176],"workers.":[115],"We":[116],"also":[117],"discuss":[118],"future":[120],"prospect":[121],"industries":[123],"appliances":[125],"together":[128],"significance":[131],"preventive":[133],"efforts":[134],"workers'":[136],"health.":[137,209],"To":[138],"establish":[139,214],"safe":[141,217],"healthy":[143,219],"working":[144,220],"environment":[145,221],"industries,":[148],"biomarkers":[152],"increasing":[154],"provide":[156],"sustainable":[157],"measure,":[158],"due":[159],"demand":[161],"information":[163],"about":[164],"risks":[167],"from":[168],"unfavorable":[169],"exposures.":[170],"Given":[171],"recent":[173],"results":[175],"exposure":[178],"cells,":[180],"animals":[181],"workers":[183],"it":[187],"important":[189],"improve":[196],"current":[198],"understanding":[199],"field":[206],"will":[211],"help":[212],"sustainable,":[216],"industries.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}