{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018576205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7036.109.1.18","title":"Comprehension of cause\u20acffect relations in a tool-using task by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).","display_name":"Comprehension of cause\u20acffect relations in a tool-using task by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018576205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7036.109.1.18","mag":"2018576205","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7705056"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//0735-7036.109.1.18","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7036.109.1.18","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7036.109.1.18","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393913072","display_name":"Journal of comparative psychology","issn_l":"0093-4127","issn":["0093-4127","0735-7036","1939-2087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Comparative Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://animalstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1136&context=acwp_asie","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018280087","display_name":"Luca Limongelli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Limongelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Universita`di Roma \u201cLa Sapienza,\u201d Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Universita`di Roma \u201cLa Sapienza,\u201d Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110565805","display_name":"Sarah T. Boysen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah T. Boysen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061405705","display_name":"Elisabetta M. Visalberghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7407-5468","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7407-5468"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisabetta Visalberghi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0902,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":144,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9660226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"109","issue":"1","first_page":"18","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.03480000048875809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chimpanzees","display_name":"chimpanzees","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tool-use","display_name":"tool use","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-knowledge","display_name":"causal knowledge","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cause-effect-relations","display_name":"cause-effect relations","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-reasoning","display_name":"causal reasoning","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-cognition","display_name":"animal cognition","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/associative-learning","display_name":"associative learning","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-based-learning","display_name":"distance-based learning","score":0.48899999260902405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777895762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3888717","display_name":"Troglodytes","level":2,"score":0.89070725440979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6265578269958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.6078736782073975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.529426634311676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49621373414993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983526489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133500","display_name":"Associative learning","level":2,"score":0.4357922673225403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121099081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665580","display_name":"Trap (plumbing)","level":2,"score":0.4108904004096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.40418750047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3674653172492981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.18597620725631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.18427371978759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17074835300445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12350597977638245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06599858403205872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001070","descriptor_name":"Appetitive Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001070","descriptor_name":"Appetitive Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001070","descriptor_name":"Appetitive Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001245","descriptor_name":"Association Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001245","descriptor_name":"Association Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001245","descriptor_name":"Association Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002679","descriptor_name":"Pan troglodytes","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002679","descriptor_name":"Pan troglodytes","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002679","descriptor_name":"Pan troglodytes","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009949","descriptor_name":"Orientation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009949","descriptor_name":"Orientation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009949","descriptor_name":"Orientation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011340","descriptor_name":"Problem Solving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011340","descriptor_name":"Problem Solving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011340","descriptor_name":"Problem Solving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//0735-7036.109.1.18","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7036.109.1.18","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7036.109.1.18","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393913072","display_name":"Journal of comparative psychology","issn_l":"0093-4127","issn":["0093-4127","0735-7036","1939-2087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Comparative Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/0735-7036.109.1.18","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.109.1.18","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.109.1.18","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393913072","display_name":"Journal of comparative psychology","issn_l":"0093-4127","issn":["0093-4127","0735-7036","1939-2087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Comparative Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:7705056","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7705056","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:animalstudiesrepository.org:acwp_asie-1136","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://animalstudiesrepository.org/acwp_asie/147","pdf_url":"https://animalstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1136&context=acwp_asie","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196113","display_name":"WBI Studies Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SENTIENCE","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org:acwp_asie-1136","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/acwp_asie/147","pdf_url":"https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1136&context=acwp_asie","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196113","display_name":"WBI Studies Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sentience Collection","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:animalstudiesrepository.org:acwp_asie-1136","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://animalstudiesrepository.org/acwp_asie/147","pdf_url":"https://animalstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1136&context=acwp_asie","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196113","display_name":"WBI Studies Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SENTIENCE","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2018576205.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2018576205.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W285154","https://openalex.org/W612716323","https://openalex.org/W1841071978","https://openalex.org/W1935705351","https://openalex.org/W1980877469","https://openalex.org/W1983773368","https://openalex.org/W1992514876","https://openalex.org/W1992899047","https://openalex.org/W2005090796","https://openalex.org/W2013733588","https://openalex.org/W2017482818","https://openalex.org/W2017748320","https://openalex.org/W2018147329","https://openalex.org/W2053212631","https://openalex.org/W2053555487","https://openalex.org/W2062189980","https://openalex.org/W2073180890","https://openalex.org/W2075143291","https://openalex.org/W2075385669","https://openalex.org/W2100607994","https://openalex.org/W2157423097","https://openalex.org/W2223570192","https://openalex.org/W2273314177","https://openalex.org/W2333419849","https://openalex.org/W2612716123"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053212631","https://openalex.org/W2507061190","https://openalex.org/W7036691638","https://openalex.org/W2502738787","https://openalex.org/W2884422254","https://openalex.org/W2975882715","https://openalex.org/W2492055988","https://openalex.org/W2112805719","https://openalex.org/W2489799739","https://openalex.org/W1963738143"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Five":[0],"chimpanzees":[1,72,91],"(Pan":[2],"troglodytes)":[3],"were":[4],"tested":[5],"to":[6,110,125],"assess":[7],"their":[8,106],"understanding":[9,127],"of":[10,19,38,57,70,79,128],"causality":[11],"in":[12,27],"a":[13,20,24,111],"tool":[14],"task.":[15],"The":[16],"task":[17],"consisted":[18],"transparent":[21],"tube":[22,59],"with":[23],"trap-hole":[25],"drilled":[26],"its":[28,137],"middle.":[29],"A":[30],"reward":[31],"was":[32,53,108],"randomly":[33],"placed":[34],"on":[35,42],"either":[36,54],"side":[37,44,95],"the":[39,45,48,51,58,62,67,80,88,93,103,116,129,133],"hole.":[40],"Depending":[41],"which":[43],"chimpanzee":[46],"inserted":[47],"stick":[49],"into,":[50],"candy":[52],"pushed":[55],"out":[56,102],"or":[60],"into":[61],"trap.":[63],"In":[64],"Experiment":[65,99],"1,":[66],"success":[68,107,124],"rate":[69],"2":[71,89,100],"rose":[73],"highly":[74],"above":[75],"chance,":[76],"but":[77],"that":[78,87,105,122],"other":[81],"subjects":[82],"did":[83],"not.":[84],"Results":[85],"show":[86],"successful":[90],"selected":[92],"correct":[94],"for":[96],"insertion":[97],"beforehand.":[98],"ruled":[101],"possibility":[104],"due":[109],"distance-based":[112],"associative":[113],"rule,":[114],"and":[115,136],"results":[117],"favor":[118],"an":[119,126],"alternative":[120],"hypothesis":[121],"relates":[123],"causal":[130],"relation":[131],"between":[132],"tool-using":[134],"action":[135],"outcome.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
