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762until1764,ImmanuelKant.Inhisreviewofthefirsttwo":[47],"volumesofHerder'sgreatphilosophyofhistory,IdeenzurPhilosophie":[48],"derGeschichtederMenschheit,KantturnedHerderintoadaydreamer,":[49],"anirrationalist,apersonpermanentlyofthepast,andfinallyapatholog-":[50],"icalcase.Whenthecelebratedfounderoftranscendentalphilosophy":[51],"crushedthe\"poeticphilosopher\"Herderwiththeforceofhisauthority,":[52],"therewasnoplaceleftforhimintheguildofphilosopherswhoaretobe":[53],"takenseriously.1Butmore;Kantdeniedhimanyreliability,statingaslate":[54],"as1799that\"intentionaldeception[was]Herder'shallmark.\"2ThehistoryofphilosophyhasclearlyshownthatKantwasthewinner":[55],".Noone":[56],"willseriouslywanttodenythathisCritiqueswereepoch-makingorthat":[57],"theyhadalastinginfluenceevenbeyondGermanphilosophy.Undoubt-":[58],"edlyHerder,whosteppedforthasanopponentofWolffianrationalism":[59],"aswellasofKantiancriticism,wastheloser.Butwhosaysthattheloser":[60],"iswrong?":[61],"Historyconsistsofdata(fromtheLatin:\"datum\"\u2014thatwhichis":[62],"given),whichinhistoricaldiscoursebecomefacts(fromtheLatin:":[63],"\"factum\"\u2014thatwhichismade).Andboth\"history\"andhistoricaldis-":[64],"coursearesubjecttohistoricalchange.Decisivemovementdoesnot":[65],"necessarilycomeintothehumanitieswhennewdataarefound,but":[66],"ratherwhenthediscourseofhistorychangesitsperspectives,itsmethod,":[67],"and/oritsintention.ThomasKuhn'sconceptofparadigmshiftstill":[68],"seemstomewellsuitedforunderstandingthesephenomenaofthedis-":[69],"continuityofthehistory.Itiscertainlynoaccidentthatwithinthecon-":[70],"Herder'sConceptofHumanity":[71,158,246],"57":[73],"textoftherecentdiscussionofthe\"postmodern,\"Herderscholarshiphas":[74],"receivedanewandverystrongimpetus.ThelasttwochaptersofJean":[75],"Fran\u00e7oisLyotard'sbookLaConditionPostmoderne:Rapportsurle":[76],"savoir,1publishedin1979,bearthetitles,\"Lasciencepostmoderne":[77],"commerecherchedesinstabilit\u00e9s\"and\"Lal\u00e9gitimationparlaparalogie.\"":[78],"Thetextcloseswiththeauspiciousstatement:\"Unepolitiquesedessine":[79],"danslaquelleseront\u00e9galementrespect\u00e9sled\u00e9sirdejusticeetceluid'in-":[80],"connu.\"":[81],"Theessentialresultofthepostmoderndiscussionseemstometobethe":[82],"regainingandenhancingofoursensibilityforthenon-dominant;atten-":[83],"tiontothatwhichisimportantforhumanityasawhole,withouthaving":[84],"beenrecognizedbythemajority;apleaforthepermanentbirthofthe":[85],"avant-garde;asensitivityforthe\"counterrational,\"theperipheral,ata":[86],"momentwheninnovationstillseemstobemeredeviation,ifnotsimply":[87],"\"wrong.\"Thispositionincludesnecessarilyapleaforananti-total":[88],"approach\u2014withatleastoneexception.Prerequisiteforthepostmodern":[89],"claimisanassumptionwhichmayseparatemefrommanypostmodern":[90],"combatants:Icannotseehowthehistoryofhumanitycanbeimagined":[91],"andshapedwithoutthebasicassumptionthateachhumanbeingis":[92],"allowedtodevelophiscapabilities(\u03af\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03b1).Thereisa\"masternarra-":[93],"tive\";itishumanity'sown.Evenifproclaimed\"humanity\"mayturnout":[94],"defactotobedeeplyscornfulofmankind\u2014whichpolitician,which":[95],"philosopherwouldwanttoobligatehimselftoamodelof\"inhumanity\"?":[96],"But\"humanity\"isnotobligatedtoalinearprogression.Itisratheran":[97],"explosionofcapabilitiesintoskillswhichdetermineculture,politics,":[98],"science,economics,andecology.":[99],"ThefactthatHerderscholarshiphastakenaconsiderableupswingin":[100],"thecontextofthepostmodern,doesnotmeanthatitpresentsitself":[101],"explicitlyas\"postmodern.\"RatherIseeaconnectionbetweenthepostmoderntrendandHerderscholarshipintheircommonsensibilityforthe":[102],"non-dominatingwhichisrecognizedfromanewangleasimportant.The":[103],"\"loser\"Herderisreevaluatedasanadvocateofit>Tt\\t\\tiaofthehuman.":[104],"OnecouldbrieflycharacterizetheneweffortsinHerder'sbehalfas":[105],"examinationsofhisworkfromanon-Kantianandnon-orthodox-":[106],"rationalisticperspectivetodetermineitscoherence,validity,andhistori-":[107],"calmeaning.ItisunderstoodthatIamnotspeakingoftheadmirersof":[108],"Herder's\"irrationalism,\"butratherofthosewhounderstandHerder's":[109],"\"irrationalism\"fromanewperspectiveasatypeofrationalismwhichis":[110],"tobetakenseriously;whichfellsacrificetoahistorical,scientific-":[111],"politicalconstellation,butdidnotsimplysuccumbbecauseofitsargu-":[112],"mentativeinvalidity.TogetherwithotherrecentHerderscholars,Iclaim":[113],"58":[114],"thatthisnewviewofJohannGottfriedHerderandtheEnlightenmentis":[117],"worthsomeeffort.":[118],"Inthelastthirtyyearscarefullyandthoroughlyannotatednewedi-":[119],"tionsofHerder'sworkhaveappearedinGermanandinEnglish.4Tobe":[120],"suretheycannotreplaceBernhardSuphan'sstandardedition,5butthey":[121],"considerablyfacilitateaccesstoHerder'swork.Whatislackingisanew":[122],"historical-criticaleditionwhichalsotakesintoaccountthestillunpub-":[123],"lishedmaterial.6Thisdesideratumhasbeenaroundforalongtime,butit":[124],"iseasiertostateitthantodoit.":[125],"TheformulationofanewimageofHerderisalsoattributedtothe":[126],"cooperativeeffortsofscholars.Since1971the\"B\u00fcckeburgerGespr\u00e4che":[127],"\u00fcberJohannGottfriedHerder\"havetakenplaceatirregularintervals.":[128],"TheyaresupportedbytheEvangelical-LutheranStateChurchof":[129],"Schaumburg-Lippeundertheprofessionalorganizationalleadershipof":[130],"HansDietrichIrmscherwhoiscurrently,togetherwithUlrichGaier,one":[131],"ofthemostinfluentialHerderscholars.In1978,ontheoccasionofthe":[132],"175thanniversaryofHerder'sdeath,aHerderconferencetookplacein":[133],"Weimarandin1984thefirstinternationalWest-GermanHerderconfer-":[134],"encemetinSaarbr\u00fccken.7Inparticularthelatter,whichwasorganized":[135],"bytheDeutscheGesellschaftf\u00fcrdieErforschungdesachtzehnten":[136],"Jahrhunderts(DGE18J),theGermanequivalentofASECS,gavenew":[137],"impulsetothemostrecentHerderscholarshipbecauseofthehighlevel":[138],"ofthecontributions.":[139],"TwoyearsbeforetheconferenceinSaarbr\u00fcckenavolumeappeared":[140],"containingcontributionsbyAmericanandCanadianscholarswhichwas":[141],"theresultoftheirlooseassociationthroughacommoninterestinHerder.":[142],"In1985thefirstHerdersymposiumtookplaceinMonterey,whereitwas":[143],"resolvedtoestablishthefirstInternationalHerderSociety(IHS).This":[144],"newsocietyturnedouttobeveryfruitful.ConferencesoftheIHSat":[145],"Stanfordin1987andinCharlottesvillein1990,8demonstratedthegreat":[146],"interestinthisauthorandmadeitapparentthatleavingbehindtheimage":[147],"ofthe\"contradictory\"Herderanddevelopingnewperspectiveswasno":[148],"dream.Ratheraproductive,integrativeaccesstoHerderwasmadepos-":[149],"sible.TheconferenceinBochum,Germanyin1992likewiseshowed":[150],"promisingstepsinthisdirection.":[151],"RecentmonographsbyEvaKnodt,UlrichGaier,ChristophFasel,":[152],"GebhardF\u00fcrst,MichaelMorton,RobertNorton,MarionHeinz,and":[153],"HansAdler,togetherwithaconsiderablenumberofessaysconcerning":[154],"Herder,9confirmtheimpressionthatthereisincreasinginterestinthis":[155],"figurewhowasacontemporaryoftheEnlightenment,StormandStress,":[156],"classicism,andearlyRomanticism.Acomprehensiveoverviewwhich":[157],"59":[160],"couldreplacethoseofRudolfHaym,RobertClark,andEmilAdleris":[161],"stilllacking.10Butin1992aHerderYearbookwasinitiated.\"":[162],"ThemoreorlessexpressedcommoninterestofrecentHerderscholar-":[163],"shipcanprobablybestbeformulatedintwoquestions.":[164],"First:IfHerder's\"irrationality\"isunderstoodasapolemicattribute":[165],"whichwasascribedtohimbyagroupof\"rationalists\"historically":[166],"definedassuperior(includingKant),thenthis\"irrationality\"isfirstofall":[167],"nothingotherthanahistoricalcounter-positiontoacertain\"rationality\"":[168],"thatisalsoanhistoricalconstruct.Thefirstquestionthereforereads:Is":[169],"therearationalitytoHerder's\"irrationality\"?Or,formulatedmoreprag-":[170],"matically:WhatdidHerder'sirrationalityachievethatcouldnotbe":[171],"achievedbythedominating\"rationality\"?Behindthisstandsnotthe":[172],"understandingofanepochwhichequates\"rationality\"with\"enlighten-":[173],"ment,\"butrathertheinsightthatthe\"rational\"hasitsownhistoryandis":[174],"indebtedtogroup-constitutiveparadigms.12Stateddifferently:inthe":[175],"courseofhistory,typesofrationalitycompetewitheachother,are":[176],"immunizedagainstanargumentativedebatewithoneanotherandthereforepolemizeagainsteachotherbymeansofnon":[177],"-argumentativemecha-":[178],"nisms.Kant'schapterconcerningtranscendentalmethodologyinhisCri-":[179],"tiqueofPureReasonisveryrevealinginthisconnection.13":[180],"Second:ItisknownthatHerderwrote\"unsystematically\"and\"frag-":[181],"mentarily,\"thathelikedtoreworkratherthanto\"complete,\"andthathe":[182],"walkedtheborderlinebetweenphilosophicalandliterarydiscourse.Here":[183],"lietherootsforHerder'sexploitationasa\"stimulator.\"Ifbyasystematic":[184],"statementweunderstandthekindofstatementwhich,onthebasisofan":[185],"epistemologicaldecisionwithalimitednumberofwelldefinedconcepts":[186],"andrulesconcerningtheirconnection(syntax),iscapableofdescribinga":[187],"setofcircumstancesexhaustively,thensuchatextcanclaimconsistency":[188],"foritself.Forareceiverthismeansthathecannottransferarbitrarily":[189],"partsfromthetextintoothercontexts,sincetheelementsconnotethe":[190],"systeminwhichtheywerevalid.Thesecondquestionthereforereads:":[191],"Whatdoeswritingwhichis\"fragmentary,\"\"unsystematic,\"and":[192],"discourse-bridgingmeaninthecaseofHerder?Thisquestioncanonlybe":[193],"answerediftheappropriatenessoftheepistemologicalchoiceandthe":[194],"methodofpresentationisalsoconsidered.Thecriteriumofappropriate-":[195],"ness,however,referstothebasicepistemologicaloptionaswellastothe":[196],"relationshipbetweenthatwhichissignifyingandthatwhichissignified.":[197],"Herderdoesnotwrite\"systematically,\"etc.,forthereasonthathetakes":[198],"ashispointofdeparturetheunavoidableontologicalbasicassumption":[199],"ofbeing,whichisaccessibleonlytomuteexperience,thatis,isnot":[200],"presentable,althoughitmustbepresupposed.Hedoesnotstartout,like":[201],"Kant,fromassumptionswhichprecedeallexperience,andhedoesnot":[202],"60":[203],"startout,liketherationalisticmetaphysicians,fromthespeculativegen-":[206],"eratingofbeingfromthenegationofnothingassomethingwhichis":[207],"impossible.14FormulatedinaShakespeareanapparentparadox:the":[208],"unsystematicseemswithHerdertohaveasystem.Consequently,even":[209],"withatraditionalunderstandingof\"systematic,\"Herderwouldno":[210],"longerbeatourdisposalforthearbitraryappropriationofquotations":[211],"foreveryoccasion.Thatsaid,Iamnotexcludingthepossibilityof":[212],"contradictionsinHerder'swork,evenifwithnewinvestigationsmuch":[213],"thatseemedtobe\"contradictory\"hasalreadybeenresolved.":[214],"2.The\"genetic\"clarificationof\"Humanity\"":[215],"Asiswellknown,themostelaboratesourcesforHerder'sconceptof":[216],"\"humanity\"(\"Humanit\u00e4t\")arehisWeimarphilosophyofhistory,Ideen":[217],"zurPhilosophiederGeschichtederMenschheit,andhisBriefezuBef\u00f6r-":[218],"derungderHumanit\u00e4t.15Herderhasbeenpraisedfromnearlyallsidesas":[219],"thephilosopherofhumanityintheGermanhistoryofideas.Theques-":[220],"tioniswhetherHerder'sconceptiswhatonemeanswhenemployingthe":[221],"term\"humanity,\"orwhetheroneisonlymakinguseofthereputationof":[222],"both\u2014oftheconceptitselfandofHerderasthephilosopherbehindthe":[223],"concept\u2014inordertopursueinterestswhichserveothergoals.When":[224],"askingthis,oneisnotnecessarilyinsinuatingaconsciousmanipulation":[225],"ofthesource.Thecomplaintabouttheobscureandself-contradictory":[226],"Herderis,afterall,atoposwhichhasaccompaniedHerderstudiesso":[227],"stubbornlythatonewondersattimeswhythereisanyesteemforthis":[228],"author.Withthesequestionsthedilemmaisnotinthe\"nutsandbolts,\"":[229],"butratherinthegeneral;forselectivereceptionsubsistsonthefadingout":[230],"ofthegeneral,thustendingtobecomeafake.Thisfakecomesintobeing":[231],"whentheconcept\"humanity\"isreducedtoonlyoneofitsaspects,":[232],"althoughitexhibitsanumberofaspectsandlevelswithHerder.My":[233],"thesisisthatHerder'sconceptofhumanityismulti-layeredbutnot":[234],"imprecise.Thatmeansthattheconcept\"humanity\"designatessetsof":[235],"circumstanceswhichlieonvariouslevels,wherebytheselevelsstandina":[236],"certain,describablerelationshipofsubstantiationtoeachother.This":[237],"relationshipofsubstantiationisspecificforHerder's\"genetic\"":[238],"procedure\u2014aprocedurewhichalwaysassumesknowledgetobehistori-":[239],"calknowledge,andtriestounderstandtheprocessofhistoryinsteadof":[240],"classifyinghistorical\"cases\"orexplaininghistorybydeducingitfrom":[241],"genericcategories.Herder'sprocedureembracesfoursteps:":[242],"(1)What\"humanity\"iscanconsequentlybedescribedfromthemulti-":[243],"tudeofthingswhichwereformedandwhichhavebeencausedbyhuman":[244],"beingsinhistory(induction).(2)Fromthethingswhichhavehappenedin":[245],"61":[248],"historyHerderthenconcludeswithLeibnizthatthereisapowerwhich":[249],"liesbackofthatwhichcanbeexperienced.(3)Rulescanbesetupwhich":[250],"describetheconnectionbetweenthispowerandthephenomenawhich":[251],"emanatefromit.(4)Ifarulecanbegiven,thenabasisisalsogivenfor":[252],"speculationsordoctrinesconcerningthatwhichisnotyethistory\u2014the":[253],"future\u2014andthatwhichisandwillbeappropriateforthepersonwhohas":[254],"partinthis\"power\"\u2014aregulative.":[255],"Thefirstthreestepscanbeunderstoodcompletelyasprocedureswhich":[256],"areknownfromtheempiricalnaturalsciences.ThusintheIdeenHerder":[257],"alsodoesnottireofstressingthathisprocedureinthephilosophyof":[258],"historyisanalogoustothenaturalsciences.ForHerderunderstands":[259],"creationtobeatotalitywhosemanifestedmultiplicityinallrealmscan":[260],"bedescribedasorder\u2014asinnature,soalsoinhistory.Intheprefaceto":[261],"theIdeenHerderexpressesitasfollows:":[262],"TheGodwhoarrangedeverythinginnatureaccordingtomeasure,":[263],"number,andweight,whoaccordinglyestablishedtheessenceofthings,":[264],"theirformandconnection,theircourseandtheirpreservation,sothat":[265],"fromthegreatuniversetotheparticleofdust,fromtheforcewhich":[266],"supportstheearthsandthesunstothethreadofaspiderweb,onlyone":[267],"wisdom,goodness,andpowerrules,He,whoalsointhehumanbody":[268],"andinthefacultiesofthehumansoulconsideredeverythinginsucha":[269],"wonderfulandgodlywaythatwhenwemerelydarefromafartofollow":[270],"thethoughtoftheonlywiseone,weloseourselvesinanabyssofhis":[271],"thoughts;how,Isaidtomyself,shouldthisGodrefrainfromhis":[272],"wisdomandgraceinthedeterminationandestablishmentofourhuman":[273],"raceasawholeandherehavenoplan?(Ideen,SWS,13:7)":[274],"Andatthebeginningofthe15thbookhestates:":[275],"Ifthereis...aGodinnature:thenHeisalsoinhistory:forthehuman":[276],"beingisalsoapartofthecreationandmustinhiswildestaberrations":[277],"andpassionsfollowlawswhicharenotlessbeautifulandexcellentthan":[278],"thoseaccordingtowhichallcelestialandterrestrialbodiesmove.":[279],"However,sinceIamconvincedthatwhatmanmustknowhebothcan":[280],"andmayknow:thereforeIalsogoforthfromtheturmoilofthescenes":[281],"...withconfidenceandfreelytowardthegreatandbeautifullawsof":[282],"nature,whichtheyalsofollow.(Ideen,SWS,14:207...":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}