{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018521939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.1977.4329137","title":"Applications of Filtered Bremsstrahlung Spectra in Radiologic Studies Part 1: Spectrum Properties and Optimal Energies","display_name":"Applications of Filtered Bremsstrahlung Spectra in Radiologic Studies Part 1: Spectrum Properties and Optimal Energies","publication_year":1977,"publication_date":"1977-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018521939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.1977.4329137","mag":"2018521939"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tns.1977.4329137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.1977.4329137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.1977.4329137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14279044","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","issn_l":"0018-9499","issn":["0018-9499","1558-1578"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087644822","display_name":"Joseph L.-H. Chan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph L.-H. Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041785812","display_name":"Albert Macovski","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert Macovski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5593,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64967626,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"1968","last_page":"1976"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9535999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9535999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11949","display_name":"Nuclear Physics and Applications","score":0.01209999993443489,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11733","display_name":"X-ray Spectroscopy and Fluorescence Analysis","score":0.011099999770522118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/x-ray-spectrum-modeling","display_name":"X-ray spectrum modeling","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-noise","display_name":"electronic noise","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-error-analysis","display_name":"measurement error analysis","score":0.5389999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81302155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655904","display_name":"Bremsstrahlung","level":3,"score":0.9609501957893372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4839761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111","display_name":"Spectral line","level":2,"score":0.5789259672164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5599798560142517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5276742577552795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.5069137215614319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4614914655685425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.46050330996513367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156778621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365748","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4548330008983612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125287762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","level":2,"score":0.4264596700668335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163985040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172399","display_name":"Data acquisition","level":2,"score":0.42190253734588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152822103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575207","display_name":"Spectral shape analysis","level":3,"score":0.41874706745147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4049609899520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.36945992708206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.13198909163475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.1290733814239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11990246176719666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11695623397827148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tns.1977.4329137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.1977.4329137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.1977.4329137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14279044","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","issn_l":"0018-9499","issn":["0018-9499","1558-1578"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:2187680927","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/23/6017211/04329137.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975061714","https://openalex.org/W1986125268","https://openalex.org/W2081720252","https://openalex.org/W2088188361","https://openalex.org/W2104329624"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2187680927","https://openalex.org/W2010938892","https://openalex.org/W3206236448","https://openalex.org/W2061954644","https://openalex.org/W2043074807","https://openalex.org/W1592010871","https://openalex.org/W2016277418","https://openalex.org/W2083387179","https://openalex.org/W343723276","https://openalex.org/W2004220985"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"spectral":[1],"characteristics":[2],"of":[3,12,21,30],"a":[4],"Bremsstrahlung":[5],"radiation":[6],"filtered":[7,32],"by":[8,24,42],"the":[9,31,38,43,61],"K-edge":[10],"absorption":[11],"an":[13],"element":[14],"is":[15,34,57,74,81],"studied":[16],"in":[17,66],"respect":[18],"to":[19,36,59],"determination":[20],"material":[22],"contents":[23],"x-ray":[25],"transmission.":[26],"A":[27,54],"suitable":[28],"model":[29],"spectrum":[33],"developed":[35],"investigate":[37],"measurement":[39],"errors":[40],"caused":[41],"polyenergetic":[44],"nonlinearity":[45],"when":[46,71,77],"such":[47],"radiations":[48],"are":[49],"used":[50],"as":[51],"pseudo-monoenergetic":[52],"sources.":[53],"performance":[55],"criteria":[56],"established":[58],"determine":[60],"optimal":[62],"energies":[63],"for":[64],"measurements":[65],"bone-water":[67],"and":[68,76],"iodine-water":[69],"systems,":[70],"electronic":[72],"noise":[73],"present":[75],"data":[78],"acquisition":[79],"accuracy":[80],"limited.":[82]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
