{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018480745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912908325081","title":"Incumbent and Challenger Campaign Spending Effects in Proportional Electoral Systems","display_name":"Incumbent and Challenger Campaign Spending Effects in Proportional Electoral Systems","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018480745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912908325081","mag":"2018480745"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1065912908325081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912908325081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912908325081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108349823","display_name":"Political Research Quarterly","issn_l":"1065-9129","issn":["1065-9129","1938-274X","1938-2758"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Political Research Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016292975","display_name":"Kenneth R. Benoit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0797-564X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0797-564X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth Benoit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Trinity College Dublin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trinity College Dublin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111798141","display_name":"Michael Marsh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Marsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Trinity College Dublin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trinity College Dublin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.4495,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96999086,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"1","first_page":"159","last_page":"173"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11432","display_name":"Gender Politics and Representation","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12225","display_name":"Political Influence and Corporate Strategies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/campaign-spending","display_name":"campaign spending","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incumbency-advantage","display_name":"incumbency advantage","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/challenger-candidates","display_name":"challenger candidates","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proportional-representation","display_name":"proportional representation","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-transferable-vote","display_name":"single transferable vote","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vote-share","display_name":"vote share","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiparty-elections","display_name":"multiparty elections","score":0.7820000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119588120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13365595","display_name":"Proportional representation","level":4,"score":0.6488336324691772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6237189173698425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4859682321548462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780623531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9142","display_name":"Irish","level":2,"score":0.47950297594070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.4675513505935669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.41255003213882446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.34704792499542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2752227485179901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.1609211266040802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13608866930007935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.11342918872833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1065912908325081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912908325081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912908325081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108349823","display_name":"Political Research Quarterly","issn_l":"1065-9129","issn":["1065-9129","1938-274X","1938-2758"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Political Research Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7297000288963318,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507598393","https://openalex.org/W1519929962","https://openalex.org/W1585919987","https://openalex.org/W1974141970","https://openalex.org/W1978469792","https://openalex.org/W1978875783","https://openalex.org/W1985918278","https://openalex.org/W1993464083","https://openalex.org/W1999705348","https://openalex.org/W2006885921","https://openalex.org/W2023185723","https://openalex.org/W2034293871","https://openalex.org/W2044244837","https://openalex.org/W2045929436","https://openalex.org/W2046107357","https://openalex.org/W2048299358","https://openalex.org/W2062306236","https://openalex.org/W2078344810","https://openalex.org/W2082432011","https://openalex.org/W2091303317","https://openalex.org/W2094613928","https://openalex.org/W2116375884","https://openalex.org/W2121358963","https://openalex.org/W2140575917","https://openalex.org/W2141941227","https://openalex.org/W2143451041","https://openalex.org/W2143578333","https://openalex.org/W2146018788","https://openalex.org/W2152512925","https://openalex.org/W2164540423","https://openalex.org/W2165642200","https://openalex.org/W2320189266","https://openalex.org/W2490869311","https://openalex.org/W2491019062","https://openalex.org/W2766336575","https://openalex.org/W2797247465","https://openalex.org/W2797842723","https://openalex.org/W3121797019","https://openalex.org/W3125266207","https://openalex.org/W3125554979","https://openalex.org/W4251723255"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7010553782","https://openalex.org/W7096423336","https://openalex.org/W2097373850","https://openalex.org/W1991558753","https://openalex.org/W3124114644","https://openalex.org/W2078344810","https://openalex.org/W7096732766","https://openalex.org/W7097020379","https://openalex.org/W2154977418","https://openalex.org/W2580355745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Positive":[0],"effects":[1,30,66],"of":[2,19,51,77,106,118],"campaign":[3],"spending":[4,29,38,65,89,124,130,141],"on":[5],"electoral":[6],"outcomes":[7],"have":[8,34],"been":[9],"found":[10,35],"in":[11,31,64],"several":[12],"comparative,":[13],"multiparty":[14,32],"contexts,":[15],"but":[16,136],"very":[17],"few":[18,26],"these":[20],"systems":[21],"use":[22],"proportional":[23],"representation.":[24],"The":[25],"studies":[27],"examining":[28],"elections":[33,76],"that":[36,93],"incumbent":[37,123],"is":[39,125],"no":[40,137],"less":[41,127,138],"effective":[42,128,139],"than":[43,129,140],"challenger":[44],"spending,":[45],"contrary":[46],"to":[47],"the":[48,68,73,79,107],"vast":[49],"bulk":[50],"empirical":[52],"literature":[53],"drawn":[54],"from":[55,133,144],"single-member":[56],"district":[57],"contexts.":[58],"This":[59],"study":[60],"reexamines":[61],"incumbent\u2014challenger":[62],"differences":[63],"under":[67],"single":[69],"transferable":[70],"vote.":[71],"Examining":[72],"Irish":[74],"general":[75],"2002,":[78],"authors":[80],"find":[81],"a":[82,115,120,145],"positive":[83],"and":[84,90,99],"statistically":[85],"significant":[86],"relationship":[87],"between":[88],"votes.":[91],"Candidates":[92],"spend":[94],"more":[95,97,105,111],"win":[96],"votes,":[98],"outspending":[100],"one\u2019s":[101],"rivals":[102],"means":[103],"winning":[104,119],"vote":[108],"share.":[109],"Spending":[110],"also":[112],"directly":[113],"increases":[114],"candidate\u2019s":[116,146],"chance":[117],"seat.":[121],"Finally,":[122],"considerably":[126],"by":[131,142],"challengers":[132,143],"other":[134],"parties":[135],"own":[147],"party.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}