{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018299191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4203.678","title":"Grammatical Morphology and the Lexicon in Children With Specific Language Impairment","display_name":"Grammatical Morphology and the Lexicon in Children With Specific Language Impairment","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018299191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4203.678","mag":"2018299191","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10391632"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1044/jslhr.4203.678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4203.678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4203.678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110744938","display_name":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research","issn_l":"1092-4388","issn":["1092-4388","1558-9102"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320281","host_organization_name":"American Speech\u2013Language\u2013Hearing Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320281"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Speech\u2013Language\u2013Hearing Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077805317","display_name":"Laurence B. Leonard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9189-4438","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9189-4438"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurence B. Leonard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University West Lafayette, IN","Google Scholar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University West Lafayette, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Scholar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072107775","display_name":"Carol Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2772-9531","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2772-9531"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carol Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University West Lafayette, IN","Google Scholar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University West Lafayette, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Scholar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047495381","display_name":"Erika Gerber","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erika Gerber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University West Lafayette, IN","Google Scholar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University West Lafayette, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Scholar","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.6593,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":165,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97699606,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"3","first_page":"678","last_page":"689"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specific-language-impairment","display_name":"specific language impairment","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammatical-morphology","display_name":"grammatical morphology","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-diversity","display_name":"lexical diversity","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noun-morphology","display_name":"noun morphology","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preschool-children","display_name":"preschool children","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-biomarkers","display_name":"clinical biomarkers","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-development","display_name":"language development","score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-speaking-children","display_name":"English-speaking children","score":0.671999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.8284404277801514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777395276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775593","display_name":"Specific language impairment","level":2,"score":0.6797303557395935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.6374503374099731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C499950583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183252","display_name":"Morphology (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5942158102989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165297611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43249","display_name":"Morpheme","level":2,"score":0.5710404515266418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5610604882240295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148934300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40998","display_name":"Phonology","level":2,"score":0.505137026309967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992835573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10469820","display_name":"Language impairment","level":2,"score":0.4940028786659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.4617014527320862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.45824262499809265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778073708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330667","display_name":"Language development","level":2,"score":0.43270403146743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.2747293710708618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0860120952129364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08572039008140564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002663","descriptor_name":"Child Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002663","descriptor_name":"Child Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002663","descriptor_name":"Child Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007806","descriptor_name":"Language Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007806","descriptor_name":"Language Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007806","descriptor_name":"Language Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008037","descriptor_name":"Linguistics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008037","descriptor_name":"Linguistics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008037","descriptor_name":"Linguistics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1044/jslhr.4203.678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4203.678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4203.678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110744938","display_name":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research","issn_l":"1092-4388","issn":["1092-4388","1558-9102"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320281","host_organization_name":"American Speech\u2013Language\u2013Hearing Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320281"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Speech\u2013Language\u2013Hearing Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10391632","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10391632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.428600013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G452127586","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5 R01 DC00458","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337352","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337352","display_name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhx6838"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W331178931","https://openalex.org/W625514638","https://openalex.org/W1514353579","https://openalex.org/W1685816913","https://openalex.org/W1970305798","https://openalex.org/W1986469334","https://openalex.org/W1987993610","https://openalex.org/W1991537120","https://openalex.org/W2002308484","https://openalex.org/W2006148109","https://openalex.org/W2006311614","https://openalex.org/W2022317508","https://openalex.org/W2058592223","https://openalex.org/W2061124480","https://openalex.org/W2076099183","https://openalex.org/W2083342225","https://openalex.org/W2090639299","https://openalex.org/W2092159735","https://openalex.org/W2092334071","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2152181423","https://openalex.org/W2158240935","https://openalex.org/W2316490607","https://openalex.org/W2797862573","https://openalex.org/W2902956141","https://openalex.org/W2904946605","https://openalex.org/W4254797929","https://openalex.org/W4300870773","https://openalex.org/W4312543531"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W848503774","https://openalex.org/W2092334071","https://openalex.org/W2414985440","https://openalex.org/W2152208337","https://openalex.org/W1971441462","https://openalex.org/W2086107251","https://openalex.org/W2141382507","https://openalex.org/W2002308484","https://openalex.org/W1943743108","https://openalex.org/W2017356584"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"examined":[1],"the":[2,43,62,73,76,91],"use":[3,34,110],"of":[4,19,27,35,45,75,84,96,107,117],"grammatical":[5],"morphology":[6,37,51,80],"by":[7],"preschool-age":[8],"English-speaking":[9],"children":[10,64,66],"with":[11,67,87],"specific":[12],"language":[13],"impairment":[14],"(SLI)":[15],"as":[16,81,113],"a":[17,25,82,105,114],"function":[18,83],"their":[20],"lexical":[21,58,85],"diversity.":[22,59],"Relative":[23],"to":[24,100],"group":[26],"normally":[28],"developing":[29],"(ND)":[30],"preschoolers,":[31],"these":[32],"children's":[33],"finite-verb":[36,79],"logged":[38],"behind":[39],"expectations":[40,54],"based":[41,55],"on":[42,56],"number":[44],"different":[46],"verbs":[47],"they":[48],"used.":[49],"Noun-related":[50],"fell":[52],"below":[53],"overall":[57],"Differences":[60],"between":[61],"ND":[63],"and":[65],"SLI":[68,92,118],"were":[69],"also":[70],"seen":[71],"for":[72],"slope":[74],"increases":[77],"in":[78,90,119],"diversity,":[86],"shallower":[88],"slopes":[89],"data.":[93],"The":[94],"findings":[95],"this":[97],"study":[98],"add":[99],"existing":[101],"evidence":[102],"suggesting":[103],"that":[104],"measure":[106],"finite":[108],"grammatical-morphology":[109],"has":[111],"promise":[112],"clinical":[115],"marker":[116],"English.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}